<?php /** * User API: WP_User_Query class * * @package WordPress * @subpackage Users * @since 4.4.0 */ /** * Core class used for querying users. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @see WP_User_Query::prepare_query() for information on accepted arguments. */ #[AllowDynamicProperties] class WP_User_Query { /** * Query vars, after parsing * * @since 3.5.0 * @var array */ public $query_vars = array(); /** * List of found user IDs. * * @since 3.1.0 * @var array */ private $results; /** * Total number of found users for the current query * * @since 3.1.0 * @var int */ private $total_users = 0; /** * Metadata query container. * * @since 4.2.0 * @var WP_Meta_Query */ public $meta_query = false; /** * The SQL query used to fetch matching users. * * @since 4.4.0 * @var string */ public $request; private $compat_fields = array( 'results', 'total_users' ); // SQL clauses. public $query_fields; public $query_from; public $query_where; public $query_orderby; public $query_limit; /** * Constructor. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @param null|string|array $query Optional. The query variables. * See WP_User_Query::prepare_query() for information on accepted arguments. */ public function __construct( $query = null ) { if ( ! empty( $query ) ) { $this->prepare_query( $query ); $this->query(); } } /** * Fills in missing query variables with default values. * * @since 4.4.0 * * @param string|array $args Query vars, as passed to `WP_User_Query`. * @return array Complete query variables with undefined ones filled in with defaults. */ public static function fill_query_vars( $args ) { $defaults = array( 'blog_id' => get_current_blog_id(), 'role' => '', 'role__in' => array(), 'role__not_in' => array(), 'capability' => '', 'capability__in' => array(), 'capability__not_in' => array(), 'meta_key' => '', 'meta_value' => '', 'meta_compare' => '', 'include' => array(), 'exclude' => array(), 'search' => '', 'search_columns' => array(), 'orderby' => 'login', 'order' => 'ASC', 'offset' => '', 'number' => '', 'paged' => 1, 'count_total' => true, 'fields' => 'all', 'who' => '', 'has_published_posts' => null, 'nicename' => '', 'nicename__in' => array(), 'nicename__not_in' => array(), 'login' => '', 'login__in' => array(), 'login__not_in' => array(), 'cache_results' => true, ); return wp_parse_args( $args, $defaults ); } /** * Prepares the query variables. * * @since 3.1.0 * @since 4.1.0 Added the ability to order by the `include` value. * @since 4.2.0 Added 'meta_value_num' support for `$orderby` parameter. Added multi-dimensional array syntax * for `$orderby` parameter. * @since 4.3.0 Added 'has_published_posts' parameter. * @since 4.4.0 Added 'paged', 'role__in', and 'role__not_in' parameters. The 'role' parameter was updated to * permit an array or comma-separated list of values. The 'number' parameter was updated to support * querying for all users with using -1. * @since 4.7.0 Added 'nicename', 'nicename__in', 'nicename__not_in', 'login', 'login__in', * and 'login__not_in' parameters. * @since 5.1.0 Introduced the 'meta_compare_key' parameter. * @since 5.3.0 Introduced the 'meta_type_key' parameter. * @since 5.9.0 Added 'capability', 'capability__in', and 'capability__not_in' parameters. * Deprecated the 'who' parameter. * @since 6.3.0 Added 'cache_results' parameter. * * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object. * @global WP_Roles $wp_roles WordPress role management object. * * @param string|array $query { * Optional. Array or string of query parameters. * * @type int $blog_id The site ID. Default is the current site. * @type string|string[] $role An array or a comma-separated list of role names that users * must match to be included in results. Note that this is * an inclusive list: users must match *each* role. Default empty. * @type string[] $role__in An array of role names. Matched users must have at least one * of these roles. Default empty array. * @type string[] $role__not_in An array of role names to exclude. Users matching one or more * of these roles will not be included in results. Default empty array. * @type string|string[] $meta_key Meta key or keys to filter by. * @type string|string[] $meta_value Meta value or values to filter by. * @type string $meta_compare MySQL operator used for comparing the meta value. * See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values and default value. * @type string $meta_compare_key MySQL operator used for comparing the meta key. * See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values and default value. * @type string $meta_type MySQL data type that the meta_value column will be CAST to for comparisons. * See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values and default value. * @type string $meta_type_key MySQL data type that the meta_key column will be CAST to for comparisons. * See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values and default value. * @type array $meta_query An associative array of WP_Meta_Query arguments. * See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values. * @type string|string[] $capability An array or a comma-separated list of capability names that users * must match to be included in results. Note that this is * an inclusive list: users must match *each* capability. * Does NOT work for capabilities not in the database or filtered * via {@see 'map_meta_cap'}. Default empty. * @type string[] $capability__in An array of capability names. Matched users must have at least one * of these capabilities. * Does NOT work for capabilities not in the database or filtered * via {@see 'map_meta_cap'}. Default empty array. * @type string[] $capability__not_in An array of capability names to exclude. Users matching one or more * of these capabilities will not be included in results. * Does NOT work for capabilities not in the database or filtered * via {@see 'map_meta_cap'}. Default empty array. * @type int[] $include An array of user IDs to include. Default empty array. * @type int[] $exclude An array of user IDs to exclude. Default empty array. * @type string $search Search keyword. Searches for possible string matches on columns. * When `$search_columns` is left empty, it tries to determine which * column to search in based on search string. Default empty. * @type string[] $search_columns Array of column names to be searched. Accepts 'ID', 'user_login', * 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_nicename', 'display_name'. * Default empty array. * @type string|array $orderby Field(s) to sort the retrieved users by. May be a single value, * an array of values, or a multi-dimensional array with fields as * keys and orders ('ASC' or 'DESC') as values. Accepted values are: * - 'ID' * - 'display_name' (or 'name') * - 'include' * - 'user_login' (or 'login') * - 'login__in' * - 'user_nicename' (or 'nicename') * - 'nicename__in' * - 'user_email' (or 'email') * - 'user_url' (or 'url') * - 'user_registered' (or 'registered') * - 'post_count' * - 'meta_value' * - 'meta_value_num' * - The value of `$meta_key` * - An array key of `$meta_query` * To use 'meta_value' or 'meta_value_num', `$meta_key` * must be also be defined. Default 'user_login'. * @type string $order Designates ascending or descending order of users. Order values * passed as part of an `$orderby` array take precedence over this * parameter. Accepts 'ASC', 'DESC'. Default 'ASC'. * @type int $offset Number of users to offset in retrieved results. Can be used in * conjunction with pagination. Default 0. * @type int $number Number of users to limit the query for. Can be used in * conjunction with pagination. Value -1 (all) is supported, but * should be used with caution on larger sites. * Default -1 (all users). * @type int $paged When used with number, defines the page of results to return. * Default 1. * @type bool $count_total Whether to count the total number of users found. If pagination * is not needed, setting this to false can improve performance. * Default true. * @type string|string[] $fields Which fields to return. Single or all fields (string), or array * of fields. Accepts: * - 'ID' * - 'display_name' * - 'user_login' * - 'user_nicename' * - 'user_email' * - 'user_url' * - 'user_registered' * - 'user_pass' * - 'user_activation_key' * - 'user_status' * - 'spam' (only available on multisite installs) * - 'deleted' (only available on multisite installs) * - 'all' for all fields and loads user meta. * - 'all_with_meta' Deprecated. Use 'all'. * Default 'all'. * @type string $who Deprecated, use `$capability` instead. * Type of users to query. Accepts 'authors'. * Default empty (all users). * @type bool|string[] $has_published_posts Pass an array of post types to filter results to users who have * published posts in those post types. `true` is an alias for all * public post types. * @type string $nicename The user nicename. Default empty. * @type string[] $nicename__in An array of nicenames to include. Users matching one of these * nicenames will be included in results. Default empty array. * @type string[] $nicename__not_in An array of nicenames to exclude. Users matching one of these * nicenames will not be included in results. Default empty array. * @type string $login The user login. Default empty. * @type string[] $login__in An array of logins to include. Users matching one of these * logins will be included in results. Default empty array. * @type string[] $login__not_in An array of logins to exclude. Users matching one of these * logins will not be included in results. Default empty array. * @type bool $cache_results Whether to cache user information. Default true. * } */ public function prepare_query( $query = array() ) { global $wpdb, $wp_roles; if ( empty( $this->query_vars ) || ! empty( $query ) ) { $this->query_limit = null; $this->query_vars = $this->fill_query_vars( $query ); } /** * Fires before the WP_User_Query has been parsed. * * The passed WP_User_Query object contains the query variables, * not yet passed into SQL. * * @since 4.0.0 * * @param WP_User_Query $query Current instance of WP_User_Query (passed by reference). */ do_action_ref_array( 'pre_get_users', array( &$this ) ); // Ensure that query vars are filled after 'pre_get_users'. $qv =& $this->query_vars; $qv = $this->fill_query_vars( $qv ); $allowed_fields = array( 'id', 'user_login', 'user_pass', 'user_nicename', 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_registered', 'user_activation_key', 'user_status', 'display_name', ); if ( is_multisite() ) { $allowed_fields[] = 'spam'; $allowed_fields[] = 'deleted'; } if ( is_array( $qv['fields'] ) ) { $qv['fields'] = array_map( 'strtolower', $qv['fields'] ); $qv['fields'] = array_intersect( array_unique( $qv['fields'] ), $allowed_fields ); if ( empty( $qv['fields'] ) ) { $qv['fields'] = array( 'id' ); } $this->query_fields = array(); foreach ( $qv['fields'] as $field ) { $field = 'id' === $field ? 'ID' : sanitize_key( $field ); $this->query_fields[] = "$wpdb->users.$field"; } $this->query_fields = implode( ',', $this->query_fields ); } elseif ( 'all_with_meta' === $qv['fields'] || 'all' === $qv['fields'] || ! in_array( $qv['fields'], $allowed_fields, true ) ) { $this->query_fields = "$wpdb->users.ID"; } else { $field = 'id' === strtolower( $qv['fields'] ) ? 'ID' : sanitize_key( $qv['fields'] ); $this->query_fields = "$wpdb->users.$field"; } if ( isset( $qv['count_total'] ) && $qv['count_total'] ) { $this->query_fields = 'SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS ' . $this->query_fields; } $this->query_from = "FROM $wpdb->users"; $this->query_where = 'WHERE 1=1'; // Parse and sanitize 'include', for use by 'orderby' as well as 'include' below. if ( ! empty( $qv['include'] ) ) { $include = wp_parse_id_list( $qv['include'] ); } else { $include = false; } $blog_id = 0; if ( isset( $qv['blog_id'] ) ) { $blog_id = absint( $qv['blog_id'] ); } if ( $qv['has_published_posts'] && $blog_id ) { if ( true === $qv['has_published_posts'] ) { $post_types = get_post_types( array( 'public' => true ) ); } else { $post_types = (array) $qv['has_published_posts']; } foreach ( $post_types as &$post_type ) { $post_type = $wpdb->prepare( '%s', $post_type ); } $posts_table = $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'posts'; $this->query_where .= " AND $wpdb->users.ID IN ( SELECT DISTINCT $posts_table.post_author FROM $posts_table WHERE $posts_table.post_status = 'publish' AND $posts_table.post_type IN ( " . implode( ', ', $post_types ) . ' ) )'; } // nicename if ( '' !== $qv['nicename'] ) { $this->query_where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND user_nicename = %s', $qv['nicename'] ); } if ( ! empty( $qv['nicename__in'] ) ) { $sanitized_nicename__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $qv['nicename__in'] ); $nicename__in = implode( "','", $sanitized_nicename__in ); $this->query_where .= " AND user_nicename IN ( '$nicename__in' )"; } if ( ! empty( $qv['nicename__not_in'] ) ) { $sanitized_nicename__not_in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $qv['nicename__not_in'] ); $nicename__not_in = implode( "','", $sanitized_nicename__not_in ); $this->query_where .= " AND user_nicename NOT IN ( '$nicename__not_in' )"; } // login if ( '' !== $qv['login'] ) { $this->query_where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND user_login = %s', $qv['login'] ); } if ( ! empty( $qv['login__in'] ) ) { $sanitized_login__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $qv['login__in'] ); $login__in = implode( "','", $sanitized_login__in ); $this->query_where .= " AND user_login IN ( '$login__in' )"; } if ( ! empty( $qv['login__not_in'] ) ) { $sanitized_login__not_in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $qv['login__not_in'] ); $login__not_in = implode( "','", $sanitized_login__not_in ); $this->query_where .= " AND user_login NOT IN ( '$login__not_in' )"; } // Meta query. $this->meta_query = new WP_Meta_Query(); $this->meta_query->parse_query_vars( $qv ); if ( isset( $qv['who'] ) && 'authors' === $qv['who'] && $blog_id ) { _deprecated_argument( 'WP_User_Query', '5.9.0', sprintf( /* translators: 1: who, 2: capability */ __( '%1$s is deprecated. Use %2$s instead.' ), '<code>who</code>', '<code>capability</code>' ) ); $who_query = array( 'key' => $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'user_level', 'value' => 0, 'compare' => '!=', ); // Prevent extra meta query. $qv['blog_id'] = 0; $blog_id = 0; if ( empty( $this->meta_query->queries ) ) { $this->meta_query->queries = array( $who_query ); } else { // Append the cap query to the original queries and reparse the query. $this->meta_query->queries = array( 'relation' => 'AND', array( $this->meta_query->queries, $who_query ), ); } $this->meta_query->parse_query_vars( $this->meta_query->queries ); } // Roles. $roles = array(); if ( isset( $qv['role'] ) ) { if ( is_array( $qv['role'] ) ) { $roles = $qv['role']; } elseif ( is_string( $qv['role'] ) && ! empty( $qv['role'] ) ) { $roles = array_map( 'trim', explode( ',', $qv['role'] ) ); } } $role__in = array(); if ( isset( $qv['role__in'] ) ) { $role__in = (array) $qv['role__in']; } $role__not_in = array(); if ( isset( $qv['role__not_in'] ) ) { $role__not_in = (array) $qv['role__not_in']; } // Capabilities. $available_roles = array(); if ( ! empty( $qv['capability'] ) || ! empty( $qv['capability__in'] ) || ! empty( $qv['capability__not_in'] ) ) { $wp_roles->for_site( $blog_id ); $available_roles = $wp_roles->roles; } $capabilities = array(); if ( ! empty( $qv['capability'] ) ) { if ( is_array( $qv['capability'] ) ) { $capabilities = $qv['capability']; } elseif ( is_string( $qv['capability'] ) ) { $capabilities = array_map( 'trim', explode( ',', $qv['capability'] ) ); } } $capability__in = array(); if ( ! empty( $qv['capability__in'] ) ) { $capability__in = (array) $qv['capability__in']; } $capability__not_in = array(); if ( ! empty( $qv['capability__not_in'] ) ) { $capability__not_in = (array) $qv['capability__not_in']; } // Keep track of all capabilities and the roles they're added on. $caps_with_roles = array(); foreach ( $available_roles as $role => $role_data ) { $role_caps = array_keys( array_filter( $role_data['capabilities'] ) ); foreach ( $capabilities as $cap ) { if ( in_array( $cap, $role_caps, true ) ) { $caps_with_roles[ $cap ][] = $role; break; } } foreach ( $capability__in as $cap ) { if ( in_array( $cap, $role_caps, true ) ) { $role__in[] = $role; break; } } foreach ( $capability__not_in as $cap ) { if ( in_array( $cap, $role_caps, true ) ) { $role__not_in[] = $role; break; } } } $role__in = array_merge( $role__in, $capability__in ); $role__not_in = array_merge( $role__not_in, $capability__not_in ); $roles = array_unique( $roles ); $role__in = array_unique( $role__in ); $role__not_in = array_unique( $role__not_in ); // Support querying by capabilities added directly to users. if ( $blog_id && ! empty( $capabilities ) ) { $capabilities_clauses = array( 'relation' => 'AND' ); foreach ( $capabilities as $cap ) { $clause = array( 'relation' => 'OR' ); $clause[] = array( 'key' => $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities', 'value' => '"' . $cap . '"', 'compare' => 'LIKE', ); if ( ! empty( $caps_with_roles[ $cap ] ) ) { foreach ( $caps_with_roles[ $cap ] as $role ) { $clause[] = array( 'key' => $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities', 'value' => '"' . $role . '"', 'compare' => 'LIKE', ); } } $capabilities_clauses[] = $clause; } $role_queries[] = $capabilities_clauses; if ( empty( $this->meta_query->queries ) ) { $this->meta_query->queries[] = $capabilities_clauses; } else { // Append the cap query to the original queries and reparse the query. $this->meta_query->queries = array( 'relation' => 'AND', array( $this->meta_query->queries, array( $capabilities_clauses ) ), ); } $this->meta_query->parse_query_vars( $this->meta_query->queries ); } if ( $blog_id && ( ! empty( $roles ) || ! empty( $role__in ) || ! empty( $role__not_in ) || is_multisite() ) ) { $role_queries = array(); $roles_clauses = array( 'relation' => 'AND' ); if ( ! empty( $roles ) ) { foreach ( $roles as $role ) { $roles_clauses[] = array( 'key' => $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities', 'value' => '"' . $role . '"', 'compare' => 'LIKE', ); } $role_queries[] = $roles_clauses; } $role__in_clauses = array( 'relation' => 'OR' ); if ( ! empty( $role__in ) ) { foreach ( $role__in as $role ) { $role__in_clauses[] = array( 'key' => $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities', 'value' => '"' . $role . '"', 'compare' => 'LIKE', ); } $role_queries[] = $role__in_clauses; } $role__not_in_clauses = array( 'relation' => 'AND' ); if ( ! empty( $role__not_in ) ) { foreach ( $role__not_in as $role ) { $role__not_in_clauses[] = array( 'key' => $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities', 'value' => '"' . $role . '"', 'compare' => 'NOT LIKE', ); } $role_queries[] = $role__not_in_clauses; } // If there are no specific roles named, make sure the user is a member of the site. if ( empty( $role_queries ) ) { $role_queries[] = array( 'key' => $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities', 'compare' => 'EXISTS', ); } // Specify that role queries should be joined with AND. $role_queries['relation'] = 'AND'; if ( empty( $this->meta_query->queries ) ) { $this->meta_query->queries = $role_queries; } else { // Append the cap query to the original queries and reparse the query. $this->meta_query->queries = array( 'relation' => 'AND', array( $this->meta_query->queries, $role_queries ), ); } $this->meta_query->parse_query_vars( $this->meta_query->queries ); } if ( ! empty( $this->meta_query->queries ) ) { $clauses = $this->meta_query->get_sql( 'user', $wpdb->users, 'ID', $this ); $this->query_from .= $clauses['join']; $this->query_where .= $clauses['where']; if ( $this->meta_query->has_or_relation() ) { $this->query_fields = 'DISTINCT ' . $this->query_fields; } } // Sorting. $qv['order'] = isset( $qv['order'] ) ? strtoupper( $qv['order'] ) : ''; $order = $this->parse_order( $qv['order'] ); if ( empty( $qv['orderby'] ) ) { // Default order is by 'user_login'. $ordersby = array( 'user_login' => $order ); } elseif ( is_array( $qv['orderby'] ) ) { $ordersby = $qv['orderby']; } else { // 'orderby' values may be a comma- or space-separated list. $ordersby = preg_split( '/[,\s]+/', $qv['orderby'] ); } $orderby_array = array(); foreach ( $ordersby as $_key => $_value ) { if ( ! $_value ) { continue; } if ( is_int( $_key ) ) { // Integer key means this is a flat array of 'orderby' fields. $_orderby = $_value; $_order = $order; } else { // Non-integer key means this the key is the field and the value is ASC/DESC. $_orderby = $_key; $_order = $_value; } $parsed = $this->parse_orderby( $_orderby ); if ( ! $parsed ) { continue; } if ( 'nicename__in' === $_orderby || 'login__in' === $_orderby ) { $orderby_array[] = $parsed; } else { $orderby_array[] = $parsed . ' ' . $this->parse_order( $_order ); } } // If no valid clauses were found, order by user_login. if ( empty( $orderby_array ) ) { $orderby_array[] = "user_login $order"; } $this->query_orderby = 'ORDER BY ' . implode( ', ', $orderby_array ); // Limit. if ( isset( $qv['number'] ) && $qv['number'] > 0 ) { if ( $qv['offset'] ) { $this->query_limit = $wpdb->prepare( 'LIMIT %d, %d', $qv['offset'], $qv['number'] ); } else { $this->query_limit = $wpdb->prepare( 'LIMIT %d, %d', $qv['number'] * ( $qv['paged'] - 1 ), $qv['number'] ); } } $search = ''; if ( isset( $qv['search'] ) ) { $search = trim( $qv['search'] ); } if ( $search ) { $leading_wild = ( ltrim( $search, '*' ) !== $search ); $trailing_wild = ( rtrim( $search, '*' ) !== $search ); if ( $leading_wild && $trailing_wild ) { $wild = 'both'; } elseif ( $leading_wild ) { $wild = 'leading'; } elseif ( $trailing_wild ) { $wild = 'trailing'; } else { $wild = false; } if ( $wild ) { $search = trim( $search, '*' ); } $search_columns = array(); if ( $qv['search_columns'] ) { $search_columns = array_intersect( $qv['search_columns'], array( 'ID', 'user_login', 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_nicename', 'display_name' ) ); } if ( ! $search_columns ) { if ( str_contains( $search, '@' ) ) { $search_columns = array( 'user_email' ); } elseif ( is_numeric( $search ) ) { $search_columns = array( 'user_login', 'ID' ); } elseif ( preg_match( '|^https?://|', $search ) && ! ( is_multisite() && wp_is_large_network( 'users' ) ) ) { $search_columns = array( 'user_url' ); } else { $search_columns = array( 'user_login', 'user_url', 'user_email', 'user_nicename', 'display_name' ); } } /** * Filters the columns to search in a WP_User_Query search. * * The default columns depend on the search term, and include 'ID', 'user_login', * 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_nicename', and 'display_name'. * * @since 3.6.0 * * @param string[] $search_columns Array of column names to be searched. * @param string $search Text being searched. * @param WP_User_Query $query The current WP_User_Query instance. */ $search_columns = apply_filters( 'user_search_columns', $search_columns, $search, $this ); $this->query_where .= $this->get_search_sql( $search, $search_columns, $wild ); } if ( ! empty( $include ) ) { // Sanitized earlier. $ids = implode( ',', $include ); $this->query_where .= " AND $wpdb->users.ID IN ($ids)"; } elseif ( ! empty( $qv['exclude'] ) ) { $ids = implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $qv['exclude'] ) ); $this->query_where .= " AND $wpdb->users.ID NOT IN ($ids)"; } // Date queries are allowed for the user_registered field. if ( ! empty( $qv['date_query'] ) && is_array( $qv['date_query'] ) ) { $date_query = new WP_Date_Query( $qv['date_query'], 'user_registered' ); $this->query_where .= $date_query->get_sql(); } /** * Fires after the WP_User_Query has been parsed, and before * the query is executed. * * The passed WP_User_Query object contains SQL parts formed * from parsing the given query. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @param WP_User_Query $query Current instance of WP_User_Query (passed by reference). */ do_action_ref_array( 'pre_user_query', array( &$this ) ); } /** * Executes the query, with the current variables. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object. */ public function query() { global $wpdb; if ( ! did_action( 'plugins_loaded' ) ) { _doing_it_wrong( 'WP_User_Query::query', sprintf( /* translators: %s: plugins_loaded */ __( 'User queries should not be run before the %s hook.' ), '<code>plugins_loaded</code>' ), '6.1.1' ); } $qv =& $this->query_vars; // Do not cache results if more than 3 fields are requested. if ( is_array( $qv['fields'] ) && count( $qv['fields'] ) > 3 ) { $qv['cache_results'] = false; } /** * Filters the users array before the query takes place. * * Return a non-null value to bypass WordPress' default user queries. * * Filtering functions that require pagination information are encouraged to set * the `total_users` property of the WP_User_Query object, passed to the filter * by reference. If WP_User_Query does not perform a database query, it will not * have enough information to generate these values itself. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @param array|null $results Return an array of user data to short-circuit WP's user query * or null to allow WP to run its normal queries. * @param WP_User_Query $query The WP_User_Query instance (passed by reference). */ $this->results = apply_filters_ref_array( 'users_pre_query', array( null, &$this ) ); if ( null === $this->results ) { // Beginning of the string is on a new line to prevent leading whitespace. See https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/56841. $this->request = "SELECT {$this->query_fields} {$this->query_from} {$this->query_where} {$this->query_orderby} {$this->query_limit}"; $cache_value = false; $cache_key = $this->generate_cache_key( $qv, $this->request ); $cache_group = 'user-queries'; if ( $qv['cache_results'] ) { $cache_value = wp_cache_get( $cache_key, $cache_group ); } if ( false !== $cache_value ) { $this->results = $cache_value['user_data']; $this->total_users = $cache_value['total_users']; } else { if ( is_array( $qv['fields'] ) ) { $this->results = $wpdb->get_results( $this->request ); } else { $this->results = $wpdb->get_col( $this->request ); } if ( isset( $qv['count_total'] ) && $qv['count_total'] ) { /** * Filters SELECT FOUND_ROWS() query for the current WP_User_Query instance. * * @since 3.2.0 * @since 5.1.0 Added the `$this` parameter. * * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object. * * @param string $sql The SELECT FOUND_ROWS() query for the current WP_User_Query. * @param WP_User_Query $query The current WP_User_Query instance. */ $found_users_query = apply_filters( 'found_users_query', 'SELECT FOUND_ROWS()', $this ); $this->total_users = (int) $wpdb->get_var( $found_users_query ); } if ( $qv['cache_results'] ) { $cache_value = array( 'user_data' => $this->results, 'total_users' => $this->total_users, ); wp_cache_add( $cache_key, $cache_value, $cache_group ); } } } if ( ! $this->results ) { return; } if ( is_array( $qv['fields'] ) && isset( $this->results[0]->ID ) ) { foreach ( $this->results as $result ) { $result->id = $result->ID; } } elseif ( 'all_with_meta' === $qv['fields'] || 'all' === $qv['fields'] ) { if ( function_exists( 'cache_users' ) ) { cache_users( $this->results ); } $r = array(); foreach ( $this->results as $userid ) { if ( 'all_with_meta' === $qv['fields'] ) { $r[ $userid ] = new WP_User( $userid, '', $qv['blog_id'] ); } else { $r[] = new WP_User( $userid, '', $qv['blog_id'] ); } } $this->results = $r; } } /** * Retrieves query variable. * * @since 3.5.0 * * @param string $query_var Query variable key. * @return mixed */ public function get( $query_var ) { if ( isset( $this->query_vars[ $query_var ] ) ) { return $this->query_vars[ $query_var ]; } return null; } /** * Sets query variable. * * @since 3.5.0 * * @param string $query_var Query variable key. * @param mixed $value Query variable value. */ public function set( $query_var, $value ) { $this->query_vars[ $query_var ] = $value; } /** * Used internally to generate an SQL string for searching across multiple columns. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object. * * @param string $search Search string. * @param string[] $columns Array of columns to search. * @param bool $wild Whether to allow wildcard searches. Default is false for Network Admin, true for single site. * Single site allows leading and trailing wildcards, Network Admin only trailing. * @return string */ protected function get_search_sql( $search, $columns, $wild = false ) { global $wpdb; $searches = array(); $leading_wild = ( 'leading' === $wild || 'both' === $wild ) ? '%' : ''; $trailing_wild = ( 'trailing' === $wild || 'both' === $wild ) ? '%' : ''; $like = $leading_wild . $wpdb->esc_like( $search ) . $trailing_wild; foreach ( $columns as $column ) { if ( 'ID' === $column ) { $searches[] = $wpdb->prepare( "$column = %s", $search ); } else { $searches[] = $wpdb->prepare( "$column LIKE %s", $like ); } } return ' AND (' . implode( ' OR ', $searches ) . ')'; } /** * Returns the list of users. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @return array Array of results. */ public function get_results() { return $this->results; } /** * Returns the total number of users for the current query. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @return int Number of total users. */ public function get_total() { return $this->total_users; } /** * Parses and sanitizes 'orderby' keys passed to the user query. * * @since 4.2.0 * * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object. * * @param string $orderby Alias for the field to order by. * @return string Value to used in the ORDER clause, if `$orderby` is valid. */ protected function parse_orderby( $orderby ) { global $wpdb; $meta_query_clauses = $this->meta_query->get_clauses(); $_orderby = ''; if ( in_array( $orderby, array( 'login', 'nicename', 'email', 'url', 'registered' ), true ) ) { $_orderby = 'user_' . $orderby; } elseif ( in_array( $orderby, array( 'user_login', 'user_nicename', 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_registered' ), true ) ) { $_orderby = $orderby; } elseif ( 'name' === $orderby || 'display_name' === $orderby ) { $_orderby = 'display_name'; } elseif ( 'post_count' === $orderby ) { // @todo Avoid the JOIN. $where = get_posts_by_author_sql( 'post' ); $this->query_from .= " LEFT OUTER JOIN ( SELECT post_author, COUNT(*) as post_count FROM $wpdb->posts $where GROUP BY post_author ) p ON ({$wpdb->users}.ID = p.post_author)"; $_orderby = 'post_count'; } elseif ( 'ID' === $orderby || 'id' === $orderby ) { $_orderby = 'ID'; } elseif ( 'meta_value' === $orderby || $this->get( 'meta_key' ) === $orderby ) { $_orderby = "$wpdb->usermeta.meta_value"; } elseif ( 'meta_value_num' === $orderby ) { $_orderby = "$wpdb->usermeta.meta_value+0"; } elseif ( 'include' === $orderby && ! empty( $this->query_vars['include'] ) ) { $include = wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['include'] ); $include_sql = implode( ',', $include ); $_orderby = "FIELD( $wpdb->users.ID, $include_sql )"; } elseif ( 'nicename__in' === $orderby ) { $sanitized_nicename__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $this->query_vars['nicename__in'] ); $nicename__in = implode( "','", $sanitized_nicename__in ); $_orderby = "FIELD( user_nicename, '$nicename__in' )"; } elseif ( 'login__in' === $orderby ) { $sanitized_login__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $this->query_vars['login__in'] ); $login__in = implode( "','", $sanitized_login__in ); $_orderby = "FIELD( user_login, '$login__in' )"; } elseif ( isset( $meta_query_clauses[ $orderby ] ) ) { $meta_clause = $meta_query_clauses[ $orderby ]; $_orderby = sprintf( 'CAST(%s.meta_value AS %s)', esc_sql( $meta_clause['alias'] ), esc_sql( $meta_clause['cast'] ) ); } return $_orderby; } /** * Generate cache key. * * @since 6.3.0 * * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object. * * @param array $args Query arguments. * @param string $sql SQL statement. * @return string Cache key. */ protected function generate_cache_key( array $args, $sql ) { global $wpdb; // Replace wpdb placeholder in the SQL statement used by the cache key. $sql = $wpdb->remove_placeholder_escape( $sql ); $key = md5( $sql ); $last_changed = wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'users' ); if ( empty( $args['orderby'] ) ) { // Default order is by 'user_login'. $ordersby = array( 'user_login' => '' ); } elseif ( is_array( $args['orderby'] ) ) { $ordersby = $args['orderby']; } else { // 'orderby' values may be a comma- or space-separated list. $ordersby = preg_split( '/[,\s]+/', $args['orderby'] ); } $blog_id = 0; if ( isset( $args['blog_id'] ) ) { $blog_id = absint( $args['blog_id'] ); } if ( $args['has_published_posts'] || in_array( 'post_count', $ordersby, true ) ) { $switch = $blog_id && get_current_blog_id() !== $blog_id; if ( $switch ) { switch_to_blog( $blog_id ); } $last_changed .= wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'posts' ); if ( $switch ) { restore_current_blog(); } } return "get_users:$key:$last_changed"; } /** * Parses an 'order' query variable and casts it to ASC or DESC as necessary. * * @since 4.2.0 * * @param string $order The 'order' query variable. * @return string The sanitized 'order' query variable. */ protected function parse_order( $order ) { if ( ! is_string( $order ) || empty( $order ) ) { return 'DESC'; } if ( 'ASC' === strtoupper( $order ) ) { return 'ASC'; } else { return 'DESC'; } } /** * Makes private properties readable for backward compatibility. * * @since 4.0.0 * @since 6.4.0 Getting a dynamic property is deprecated. * * @param string $name Property to get. * @return mixed Property. */ public function __get( $name ) { if ( in_array( $name, $this->compat_fields, true ) ) { return $this->$name; } wp_trigger_error( __METHOD__, "The property `{$name}` is not declared. Getting a dynamic property is " . 'deprecated since version 6.4.0! Instead, declare the property on the class.', E_USER_DEPRECATED ); return null; } /** * Makes private properties settable for backward compatibility. * * @since 4.0.0 * @since 6.4.0 Setting a dynamic property is deprecated. * * @param string $name Property to check if set. * @param mixed $value Property value. */ public function __set( $name, $value ) { if ( in_array( $name, $this->compat_fields, true ) ) { $this->$name = $value; return; } wp_trigger_error( __METHOD__, "The property `{$name}` is not declared. Setting a dynamic property is " . 'deprecated since version 6.4.0! Instead, declare the property on the class.', E_USER_DEPRECATED ); } /** * Makes private properties checkable for backward compatibility. * * @since 4.0.0 * @since 6.4.0 Checking a dynamic property is deprecated. * * @param string $name Property to check if set. * @return bool Whether the property is set. */ public function __isset( $name ) { if ( in_array( $name, $this->compat_fields, true ) ) { return isset( $this->$name ); } wp_trigger_error( __METHOD__, "The property `{$name}` is not declared. Checking `isset()` on a dynamic property " . 'is deprecated since version 6.4.0! Instead, declare the property on the class.', E_USER_DEPRECATED ); return false; } /** * Makes private properties un-settable for backward compatibility. * * @since 4.0.0 * @since 6.4.0 Unsetting a dynamic property is deprecated. * * @param string $name Property to unset. */ public function __unset( $name ) { if ( in_array( $name, $this->compat_fields, true ) ) { unset( $this->$name ); return; } wp_trigger_error( __METHOD__, "A property `{$name}` is not declared. Unsetting a dynamic property is " . 'deprecated since version 6.4.0! Instead, declare the property on the class.', E_USER_DEPRECATED ); } /** * Makes private/protected methods readable for backward compatibility. * * @since 4.0.0 * * @param string $name Method to call. * @param array $arguments Arguments to pass when calling. * @return mixed Return value of the callback, false otherwise. */ public function __call( $name, $arguments ) { if ( 'get_search_sql' === $name ) { return $this->get_search_sql( ...$arguments ); } return false; } }

معرفة

مشاعر الذكاء الاصطناعي.. حقيقة أم وهم؟

مايو 19, 2025

7٬887 3 دقائق

كتبت إيريني أنطون

في عالم تتسارع فيه تطورات الذكاء الاصطناعي، لم يعد دوره يقتصر على تنفيذ الأوامر وتحليل البيانات، بل أصبح قادراً على محاكاة المشاعر البشرية والتفاعل معها بطرق تثير التساؤلات. هل هذه مجرد برمجة متطورة أم أن الآلات قد تقترب من امتلاك وعي عاطفي حقيقي؟

دراسات حديثة في مجالات علم النفس وعلوم الحاسوب تشير إلى إمكانية تطوير أنظمة ذكاء اصطناعي قادرة على التعرف على المشاعر البشرية والتفاعل معها بشكل أكثر تعقيداً، لكن الخبراء ما زالوا منقسمين حول ما إذا كان هذا يعني أن الآلة يمكن أن “تشعر” بالفعل، أم أنها مجرد خوارزميات تحاكي العاطفة دون إدراك حقيقي لها.

حين ننظر في عيون شخص يبكي أو نسمع نبرة الفرح في صوت آخر، نحن لا ندرك المشاعر فحسب، بل نشعر بها أيضاً. هذه القدرة على الإحساس والتعاطف لطالما كانت ما يميز الإنسان عن الآلة. لكن اليوم، ومع تطور الذكاء الاصطناعي، بدأت الحدود تتلاشى. روبوتات تتحدث بحنان، أنظمة تواسي مستخدميها، وبرمجيات تتفاعل مع الحزن والفرح وكأنها تمتلك وعياً عاطفياً. فهل يمكن للآلة أن تشعر حقاً، أم أن كل ما تفعله مجرد محاكاة بارعة تخدعنا للحظات؟

“الذكاء الاصطناعي أشبه بدمية متطورة جداً”

قال أستاذ عبدالله الدالي، مطور برمجيات، إن: “الذكاء الاصطناعي مثل الممثل المحترف، لا يشعر بالمشاعر الحقيقية ولكنه يعرف أن يقلدها”. وأضاف أستاذ عبدالله أنه يمكن تصميم أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي بحيث تبدو وكأنها تمتلك مشاعر، حيث قال: “المبرمجين يصممون النظام بحيث يحلل الحديث أو الموقف مثل نبرة الصوت، ثم يختار رد مناسب من قاعدة بيانات بها عبارات جاهزة تعبر عن فرح أو زعل أو حتى تعاطف، بمعنى أنه يتم وضع سيناريو ثابت في البرمجة. على سبيل المثال، عندما تقول له ‘أنا حزين’، يرد الرد المبرمج عليه، مثلًا: ‘لماذا أنت حزين؟’”.

من جانبه، قال أستاذ وليد دبور، أستاذ مساعد الذكاء الاصطناعي بجامعة الأهرام الكندية: “الذكاء الاصطناعي الحالي أشبه بدمية متطورة جداً، تتحدث وتتحرك بذكاء لكنها لا تعيش ولا تشعر”. وأكد أستاذ وليد: “لا توجد طريقة لصنع مشاعر حقيقية في الآلات حالياً، وما يحدث هو مجرد تدريب لبيانات وخوارزميات الذكاء الاصطناعي. إذا دربته على نصوص عدوانية قد تصبح ردوده حادة، وإذا دربته على نصوص حزينة، سيقلد اللغة الحزينة، لكن هذا مجرد تمثيل وليس مشاعر حقيقية إطلاقاً”. وشرح أستاذ عبدالله قائلاً: “الإحساس عملية بيولوجية مرتبطة بالمخ والهرمونات عند البشر، بينما الذكاء الاصطناعي ليس إلا مجرد كود وخوارزميات، وهذه محاكاة ذكية جداً”.

“الجهاز العصبي والنفسي مرتبطان ببعضهما وميز الله بهما الكائنات الحية فقط”

قالت دكتورة ماري جرجس، استشارية صحة نفسية: “العناصر التي تشكل المشاعر توجد في الجزء الأوسط من الدماغ وهي منطقة قريبة من اللاوعي، وبالتالي لا يتحكم بها العقل أو المنطق. المشاعر هي كل ما يشعر به الإنسان من فرح وحب وحزن وغضب وغيرها”. وأكدت دكتورة ماري أنه: “لا يمكن لآلة أن تمتلك مشاعر حقيقية، وإلا ستكون مشاعر مزيفة عن طريق التحكم في برمجة تلك الآلة. يمكن للذكاء الاصطناعي أن يفعل أي شيء ويوصل لتقدمات كبيرة جداً، لكن من الصعب أن يتحكم في شيء له علاقة بالسلوكيات والنفسية والجهاز العصبي. فالجهاز العصبي والنفسي مرتبطان ببعضهما وميز الله بهما الكائنات الحية فقط، ومن الصعب أن تمتلكهما آلة. وفي حالة الوصول لتلك التقنيات وتنفيذها بشكل فعلي، ستكون مجرد محاكاة، وسيوضح ذلك في عدم وضوح الحالة الانفعالية بجودتها الطبيعية”.

“المشاعر تحتاج إلى وعي ذاتي”

يرى البعض أن المشاعر تحتاج إلى وعي ذاتي، وهو ما لا يمتلكه الذكاء الاصطناعي حتى الآن، بينما يعتقد آخرون أن المشاعر ليست سوى عمليات إدراكية يمكن برمجتها. بين الرؤيتين، يقف الجدل العلمي والفلسفي.

قالت أستاذة مارتينا سمير، معيدة بقسم الفلسفة في كلية البنات جامعة عين شمس: “المشاعر تعرف فلسفياً بأنها تفاعلات بيولوجية وفكرية للذات الإنسانية، والأنظمة الذكية هي فقط تحاكي العقل البشري، لكن مستحيل أن تصل بالفعل للشعور مثله لأنها لا تمتلك تجربة شعورية واقعية كالبشر. وفي حالة وصولها لذلك، ستكون مجرد محاكاة من خلال الخوارزميات والبيانات المغذية بها من قبل، ولكنها تحتاج لوعي ذاتي، فهي بالنهاية خدع ذكية”.

وأوضحت أستاذة مارتينا قائلة: “بالنسبة لمفهوم الثنائية بين العقل والجسد، تعني الانفصال بين العقل المعنوي والجسد المادي. وهذا المفهوم يعطي إمكانية لامتلاك الذكاء الاصطناعي مشاعر كما البشر، لأن في هذه الحالة لن يحتاج إلى جسم بيولوجي ووعي إنساني حقيقي لكي يشعر. وفي هذه الحالة قد يكون للأنظمة الذكية فرصة لتحمل وعي أو مشاعر من وجهة نظر الفلسفة”.

ورغم التقدم الهائل في الذكاء الاصطناعي، فإن إمكانية امتلاكه مشاعر حقيقية تظل محل جدل واسع. من منظور البرمجة، لا يزال الذكاء الاصطناعي يعتمد على خوارزميات تحاكي المشاعر دون إدراك حقيقي لها. علم النفس يؤكد أن المشاعر ترتبط بتجارب ذاتية وتفاعلات عصبية وهرمونية لا يمكن محاكاتها برمجيًا بشكل كامل. أما الفلسفة، فرغم بعض النظريات التي تفتح المجال أمام إمكانية وعي منفصل عن الجسد، فإنها تتفق مع العلم على أن الوعي والمشاعر كما نعرفها تظل معقدة إلى حد يجعل من الصعب جدًا، إن لم يكن مستحيلًا، أن تمتلكها الآلة. في النهاية، قد يتمكن الذكاء الاصطناعي من خداعنا باستجاباته العاطفية، لكنه سيبقى بلا إحساس حقيقي، مجرد محاكاة متقنة لمشاعر لا يعيشها بالفعل.

مايو 19, 2025

7٬887 3 دقائق