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/home/tahkoom/public_html/wp-includes/cron.php
<?php
/**
 * WordPress Cron API
 *
 * @package WordPress
 */

/**
 * Schedules an event to run only once.
 *
 * Schedules a hook which will be triggered by WordPress at the specified UTC time.
 * The action will trigger when someone visits your WordPress site if the scheduled
 * time has passed.
 *
 * Note that scheduling an event to occur within 10 minutes of an existing event
 * with the same action hook will be ignored unless you pass unique `$args` values
 * for each scheduled event.
 *
 * Use wp_next_scheduled() to prevent duplicate events.
 *
 * Use wp_schedule_event() to schedule a recurring event.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to boolean indicating success or failure,
 *              {@see 'pre_schedule_event'} filter added to short-circuit the function.
 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added.
 *
 * @link https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/wp_schedule_single_event/
 *
 * @param int    $timestamp  Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event.
 * @param string $hook       Action hook to execute when the event is run.
 * @param array  $args       Optional. Array containing arguments to pass to the
 *                           hook's callback function. Each value in the array
 *                           is passed to the callback as an individual parameter.
 *                           The array keys are ignored. Default empty array.
 * @param bool   $wp_error   Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false.
 * @return bool|WP_Error True if event successfully scheduled. False or WP_Error on failure.
 */
function wp_schedule_single_event( $timestamp, $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) {
	// Make sure timestamp is a positive integer.
	if ( ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) || $timestamp <= 0 ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'invalid_timestamp',
				__( 'Event timestamp must be a valid Unix timestamp.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	$event = (object) array(
		'hook'      => $hook,
		'timestamp' => $timestamp,
		'schedule'  => false,
		'args'      => $args,
	);

	/**
	 * Filter to override scheduling an event.
	 *
	 * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit adding the event to the
	 * cron array, causing the function to return the filtered value instead.
	 *
	 * Both single events and recurring events are passed through this filter;
	 * single events have `$event->schedule` as false, whereas recurring events
	 * have this set to a recurrence from wp_get_schedules(). Recurring
	 * events also have the integer recurrence interval set as `$event->interval`.
	 *
	 * For plugins replacing wp-cron, it is recommended you check for an
	 * identical event within ten minutes and apply the {@see 'schedule_event'}
	 * filter to check if another plugin has disallowed the event before scheduling.
	 *
	 * Return true if the event was scheduled, false or a WP_Error if not.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned.
	 *
	 * @param null|bool|WP_Error $result   The value to return instead. Default null to continue adding the event.
	 * @param object             $event    {
	 *     An object containing an event's data.
	 *
	 *     @type string       $hook      Action hook to execute when the event is run.
	 *     @type int          $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event.
	 *     @type string|false $schedule  How often the event should subsequently recur.
	 *     @type array        $args      Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
	 *     @type int          $interval  Optional. The interval time in seconds for the schedule. Only present for recurring events.
	 * }
	 * @param bool               $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure.
	 */
	$pre = apply_filters( 'pre_schedule_event', null, $event, $wp_error );

	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'pre_schedule_event_false',
				__( 'A plugin prevented the event from being scheduled.' )
			);
		}

		if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return $pre;
	}

	/*
	 * Check for a duplicated event.
	 *
	 * Don't schedule an event if there's already an identical event
	 * within 10 minutes.
	 *
	 * When scheduling events within ten minutes of the current time,
	 * all past identical events are considered duplicates.
	 *
	 * When scheduling an event with a past timestamp (ie, before the
	 * current time) all events scheduled within the next ten minutes
	 * are considered duplicates.
	 */
	$crons = _get_cron_array();

	$key       = md5( serialize( $event->args ) );
	$duplicate = false;

	if ( $event->timestamp < time() + 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS ) {
		$min_timestamp = 0;
	} else {
		$min_timestamp = $event->timestamp - 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS;
	}

	if ( $event->timestamp < time() ) {
		$max_timestamp = time() + 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS;
	} else {
		$max_timestamp = $event->timestamp + 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS;
	}

	foreach ( $crons as $event_timestamp => $cron ) {
		if ( $event_timestamp < $min_timestamp ) {
			continue;
		}

		if ( $event_timestamp > $max_timestamp ) {
			break;
		}

		if ( isset( $cron[ $event->hook ][ $key ] ) ) {
			$duplicate = true;
			break;
		}
	}

	if ( $duplicate ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'duplicate_event',
				__( 'A duplicate event already exists.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Modify an event before it is scheduled.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @param object|false $event {
	 *     An object containing an event's data, or boolean false to prevent the event from being scheduled.
	 *
	 *     @type string       $hook      Action hook to execute when the event is run.
	 *     @type int          $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event.
	 *     @type string|false $schedule  How often the event should subsequently recur.
	 *     @type array        $args      Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
	 *     @type int          $interval  Optional. The interval time in seconds for the schedule. Only present for recurring events.
	 * }
	 */
	$event = apply_filters( 'schedule_event', $event );

	// A plugin disallowed this event.
	if ( ! $event ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'schedule_event_false',
				__( 'A plugin disallowed this event.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	$crons[ $event->timestamp ][ $event->hook ][ $key ] = array(
		'schedule' => $event->schedule,
		'args'     => $event->args,
	);
	uksort( $crons, 'strnatcasecmp' );

	return _set_cron_array( $crons, $wp_error );
}

/**
 * Schedules a recurring event.
 *
 * Schedules a hook which will be triggered by WordPress at the specified interval.
 * The action will trigger when someone visits your WordPress site if the scheduled
 * time has passed.
 *
 * Valid values for the recurrence are 'hourly', 'twicedaily', 'daily', and 'weekly'.
 * These can be extended using the {@see 'cron_schedules'} filter in wp_get_schedules().
 *
 * Use wp_next_scheduled() to prevent duplicate events.
 *
 * Use wp_schedule_single_event() to schedule a non-recurring event.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to boolean indicating success or failure,
 *              {@see 'pre_schedule_event'} filter added to short-circuit the function.
 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added.
 *
 * @link https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/wp_schedule_event/
 *
 * @param int    $timestamp  Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event.
 * @param string $recurrence How often the event should subsequently recur.
 *                           See wp_get_schedules() for accepted values.
 * @param string $hook       Action hook to execute when the event is run.
 * @param array  $args       Optional. Array containing arguments to pass to the
 *                           hook's callback function. Each value in the array
 *                           is passed to the callback as an individual parameter.
 *                           The array keys are ignored. Default empty array.
 * @param bool   $wp_error   Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false.
 * @return bool|WP_Error True if event successfully scheduled. False or WP_Error on failure.
 */
function wp_schedule_event( $timestamp, $recurrence, $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) {
	// Make sure timestamp is a positive integer.
	if ( ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) || $timestamp <= 0 ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'invalid_timestamp',
				__( 'Event timestamp must be a valid Unix timestamp.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	$schedules = wp_get_schedules();

	if ( ! isset( $schedules[ $recurrence ] ) ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'invalid_schedule',
				__( 'Event schedule does not exist.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	$event = (object) array(
		'hook'      => $hook,
		'timestamp' => $timestamp,
		'schedule'  => $recurrence,
		'args'      => $args,
		'interval'  => $schedules[ $recurrence ]['interval'],
	);

	/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/cron.php */
	$pre = apply_filters( 'pre_schedule_event', null, $event, $wp_error );

	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'pre_schedule_event_false',
				__( 'A plugin prevented the event from being scheduled.' )
			);
		}

		if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return $pre;
	}

	/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/cron.php */
	$event = apply_filters( 'schedule_event', $event );

	// A plugin disallowed this event.
	if ( ! $event ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'schedule_event_false',
				__( 'A plugin disallowed this event.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	$key = md5( serialize( $event->args ) );

	$crons = _get_cron_array();

	$crons[ $event->timestamp ][ $event->hook ][ $key ] = array(
		'schedule' => $event->schedule,
		'args'     => $event->args,
		'interval' => $event->interval,
	);
	uksort( $crons, 'strnatcasecmp' );

	return _set_cron_array( $crons, $wp_error );
}

/**
 * Reschedules a recurring event.
 *
 * Mainly for internal use, this takes the Unix timestamp (UTC) of a previously run
 * recurring event and reschedules it for its next run.
 *
 * To change upcoming scheduled events, use wp_schedule_event() to
 * change the recurrence frequency.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to boolean indicating success or failure,
 *              {@see 'pre_reschedule_event'} filter added to short-circuit the function.
 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added.
 *
 * @param int    $timestamp  Unix timestamp (UTC) for when the event was scheduled.
 * @param string $recurrence How often the event should subsequently recur.
 *                           See wp_get_schedules() for accepted values.
 * @param string $hook       Action hook to execute when the event is run.
 * @param array  $args       Optional. Array containing arguments to pass to the
 *                           hook's callback function. Each value in the array
 *                           is passed to the callback as an individual parameter.
 *                           The array keys are ignored. Default empty array.
 * @param bool   $wp_error   Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false.
 * @return bool|WP_Error True if event successfully rescheduled. False or WP_Error on failure.
 */
function wp_reschedule_event( $timestamp, $recurrence, $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) {
	// Make sure timestamp is a positive integer.
	if ( ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) || $timestamp <= 0 ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'invalid_timestamp',
				__( 'Event timestamp must be a valid Unix timestamp.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	$schedules = wp_get_schedules();
	$interval  = 0;

	// First we try to get the interval from the schedule.
	if ( isset( $schedules[ $recurrence ] ) ) {
		$interval = $schedules[ $recurrence ]['interval'];
	}

	// Now we try to get it from the saved interval in case the schedule disappears.
	if ( 0 === $interval ) {
		$scheduled_event = wp_get_scheduled_event( $hook, $args, $timestamp );

		if ( $scheduled_event && isset( $scheduled_event->interval ) ) {
			$interval = $scheduled_event->interval;
		}
	}

	$event = (object) array(
		'hook'      => $hook,
		'timestamp' => $timestamp,
		'schedule'  => $recurrence,
		'args'      => $args,
		'interval'  => $interval,
	);

	/**
	 * Filter to override rescheduling of a recurring event.
	 *
	 * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal rescheduling
	 * process, causing the function to return the filtered value instead.
	 *
	 * For plugins replacing wp-cron, return true if the event was successfully
	 * rescheduled, false or a WP_Error if not.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned.
	 *
	 * @param null|bool|WP_Error $pre      Value to return instead. Default null to continue adding the event.
	 * @param object             $event    {
	 *     An object containing an event's data.
	 *
	 *     @type string $hook      Action hook to execute when the event is run.
	 *     @type int    $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event.
	 *     @type string $schedule  How often the event should subsequently recur.
	 *     @type array  $args      Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
	 *     @type int    $interval  The interval time in seconds for the schedule.
	 * }
	 * @param bool               $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure.
	 */
	$pre = apply_filters( 'pre_reschedule_event', null, $event, $wp_error );

	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'pre_reschedule_event_false',
				__( 'A plugin prevented the event from being rescheduled.' )
			);
		}

		if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return $pre;
	}

	// Now we assume something is wrong and fail to schedule.
	if ( 0 === $interval ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'invalid_schedule',
				__( 'Event schedule does not exist.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	$now = time();

	if ( $timestamp >= $now ) {
		$timestamp = $now + $interval;
	} else {
		$timestamp = $now + ( $interval - ( ( $now - $timestamp ) % $interval ) );
	}

	return wp_schedule_event( $timestamp, $recurrence, $hook, $args, $wp_error );
}

/**
 * Unschedules a previously scheduled event.
 *
 * The `$timestamp` and `$hook` parameters are required so that the event can be
 * identified.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to boolean indicating success or failure,
 *              {@see 'pre_unschedule_event'} filter added to short-circuit the function.
 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added.
 *
 * @param int    $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) of the event.
 * @param string $hook      Action hook of the event.
 * @param array  $args      Optional. Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
 *                          Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify the
 *                          event, so they should be the same as those used when originally scheduling the event.
 *                          Default empty array.
 * @param bool   $wp_error  Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false.
 * @return bool|WP_Error True if event successfully unscheduled. False or WP_Error on failure.
 */
function wp_unschedule_event( $timestamp, $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) {
	// Make sure timestamp is a positive integer.
	if ( ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) || $timestamp <= 0 ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'invalid_timestamp',
				__( 'Event timestamp must be a valid Unix timestamp.' )
			);
		}

		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Filter to override unscheduling of events.
	 *
	 * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal unscheduling
	 * process, causing the function to return the filtered value instead.
	 *
	 * For plugins replacing wp-cron, return true if the event was successfully
	 * unscheduled, false or a WP_Error if not.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned.
	 *
	 * @param null|bool|WP_Error $pre       Value to return instead. Default null to continue unscheduling the event.
	 * @param int                $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to run the event.
	 * @param string             $hook      Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled.
	 * @param array              $args      Arguments to pass to the hook's callback function.
	 * @param bool               $wp_error  Whether to return a WP_Error on failure.
	 */
	$pre = apply_filters( 'pre_unschedule_event', null, $timestamp, $hook, $args, $wp_error );

	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'pre_unschedule_event_false',
				__( 'A plugin prevented the event from being unscheduled.' )
			);
		}

		if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return $pre;
	}

	$crons = _get_cron_array();
	$key   = md5( serialize( $args ) );

	unset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ] );

	if ( empty( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] ) ) {
		unset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] );
	}

	if ( empty( $crons[ $timestamp ] ) ) {
		unset( $crons[ $timestamp ] );
	}

	return _set_cron_array( $crons, $wp_error );
}

/**
 * Unschedules all events attached to the hook with the specified arguments.
 *
 * Warning: This function may return boolean false, but may also return a non-boolean
 * value which evaluates to false. For information about casting to booleans see the
 * {@link https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.boolean.php PHP documentation}. Use
 * the `===` operator for testing the return value of this function.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to indicate success or failure,
 *              {@see 'pre_clear_scheduled_hook'} filter added to short-circuit the function.
 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added.
 *
 * @param string $hook     Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled.
 * @param array  $args     Optional. Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
 *                         Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify the
 *                         event, so they should be the same as those used when originally scheduling the event.
 *                         Default empty array.
 * @param bool   $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false.
 * @return int|false|WP_Error On success an integer indicating number of events unscheduled (0 indicates no
 *                            events were registered with the hook and arguments combination), false or WP_Error
 *                            if unscheduling one or more events fail.
 */
function wp_clear_scheduled_hook( $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) {
	/*
	 * Backward compatibility.
	 * Previously, this function took the arguments as discrete vars rather than an array like the rest of the API.
	 */
	if ( ! is_array( $args ) ) {
		_deprecated_argument(
			__FUNCTION__,
			'3.0.0',
			__( 'This argument has changed to an array to match the behavior of the other cron functions.' )
		);

		$args     = array_slice( func_get_args(), 1 ); // phpcs:ignore PHPCompatibility.FunctionUse.ArgumentFunctionsReportCurrentValue.NeedsInspection
		$wp_error = false;
	}

	/**
	 * Filter to override clearing a scheduled hook.
	 *
	 * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal unscheduling
	 * process, causing the function to return the filtered value instead.
	 *
	 * For plugins replacing wp-cron, return the number of events successfully
	 * unscheduled (zero if no events were registered with the hook) or false
	 * or a WP_Error if unscheduling one or more events fails.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned.
	 *
	 * @param null|int|false|WP_Error $pre      Value to return instead. Default null to continue unscheduling the event.
	 * @param string                  $hook     Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled.
	 * @param array                   $args     Arguments to pass to the hook's callback function.
	 * @param bool                    $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure.
	 */
	$pre = apply_filters( 'pre_clear_scheduled_hook', null, $hook, $args, $wp_error );

	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'pre_clear_scheduled_hook_false',
				__( 'A plugin prevented the hook from being cleared.' )
			);
		}

		if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return $pre;
	}

	/*
	 * This logic duplicates wp_next_scheduled().
	 * It's required due to a scenario where wp_unschedule_event() fails due to update_option() failing,
	 * and, wp_next_scheduled() returns the same schedule in an infinite loop.
	 */
	$crons = _get_cron_array();
	if ( empty( $crons ) ) {
		return 0;
	}

	$results = array();
	$key     = md5( serialize( $args ) );

	foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $cron ) {
		if ( isset( $cron[ $hook ][ $key ] ) ) {
			$results[] = wp_unschedule_event( $timestamp, $hook, $args, true );
		}
	}

	$errors = array_filter( $results, 'is_wp_error' );
	$error  = new WP_Error();

	if ( $errors ) {
		if ( $wp_error ) {
			array_walk( $errors, array( $error, 'merge_from' ) );

			return $error;
		}

		return false;
	}

	return count( $results );
}

/**
 * Unschedules all events attached to the hook.
 *
 * Can be useful for plugins when deactivating to clean up the cron queue.
 *
 * Warning: This function may return boolean false, but may also return a non-boolean
 * value which evaluates to false. For information about casting to booleans see the
 * {@link https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.boolean.php PHP documentation}. Use
 * the `===` operator for testing the return value of this function.
 *
 * @since 4.9.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return value added to indicate success or failure.
 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added.
 *
 * @param string $hook     Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled.
 * @param bool   $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false.
 * @return int|false|WP_Error On success an integer indicating number of events unscheduled (0 indicates no
 *                            events were registered on the hook), false or WP_Error if unscheduling fails.
 */
function wp_unschedule_hook( $hook, $wp_error = false ) {
	/**
	 * Filter to override clearing all events attached to the hook.
	 *
	 * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal unscheduling
	 * process, causing the function to return the filtered value instead.
	 *
	 * For plugins replacing wp-cron, return the number of events successfully
	 * unscheduled (zero if no events were registered with the hook). If unscheduling
	 * one or more events fails then return either a WP_Error object or false depending
	 * on the value of the `$wp_error` parameter.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned.
	 *
	 * @param null|int|false|WP_Error $pre      Value to return instead. Default null to continue unscheduling the hook.
	 * @param string                  $hook     Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled.
	 * @param bool                    $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure.
	 */
	$pre = apply_filters( 'pre_unschedule_hook', null, $hook, $wp_error );

	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'pre_unschedule_hook_false',
				__( 'A plugin prevented the hook from being cleared.' )
			);
		}

		if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return $pre;
	}

	$crons = _get_cron_array();
	if ( empty( $crons ) ) {
		return 0;
	}

	$results = array();

	foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $args ) {
		if ( ! empty( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] ) ) {
			$results[] = count( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] );
		}

		unset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] );

		if ( empty( $crons[ $timestamp ] ) ) {
			unset( $crons[ $timestamp ] );
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If the results are empty (zero events to unschedule), no attempt
	 * to update the cron array is required.
	 */
	if ( empty( $results ) ) {
		return 0;
	}

	$set = _set_cron_array( $crons, $wp_error );

	if ( true === $set ) {
		return array_sum( $results );
	}

	return $set;
}

/**
 * Retrieves a scheduled event.
 *
 * Retrieves the full event object for a given event, if no timestamp is specified the next
 * scheduled event is returned.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @param string   $hook      Action hook of the event.
 * @param array    $args      Optional. Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
 *                            Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify the
 *                            event, so they should be the same as those used when originally scheduling the event.
 *                            Default empty array.
 * @param int|null $timestamp Optional. Unix timestamp (UTC) of the event. If not specified, the next scheduled event
 *                            is returned. Default null.
 * @return object|false {
 *     The event object. False if the event does not exist.
 *
 *     @type string       $hook      Action hook to execute when the event is run.
 *     @type int          $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event.
 *     @type string|false $schedule  How often the event should subsequently recur.
 *     @type array        $args      Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
 *     @type int          $interval  Optional. The interval time in seconds for the schedule. Only present for recurring events.
 * }
 */
function wp_get_scheduled_event( $hook, $args = array(), $timestamp = null ) {
	/**
	 * Filter to override retrieving a scheduled event.
	 *
	 * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal process,
	 * returning the filtered value instead.
	 *
	 * Return false if the event does not exist, otherwise an event object
	 * should be returned.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param null|false|object $pre  Value to return instead. Default null to continue retrieving the event.
	 * @param string            $hook Action hook of the event.
	 * @param array             $args Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
	 *                                Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify
	 *                                the event.
	 * @param int|null  $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) of the event. Null to retrieve next scheduled event.
	 */
	$pre = apply_filters( 'pre_get_scheduled_event', null, $hook, $args, $timestamp );

	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		return $pre;
	}

	if ( null !== $timestamp && ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) ) {
		return false;
	}

	$crons = _get_cron_array();
	if ( empty( $crons ) ) {
		return false;
	}

	$key = md5( serialize( $args ) );

	if ( ! $timestamp ) {
		// Get next event.
		$next = false;
		foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $cron ) {
			if ( isset( $cron[ $hook ][ $key ] ) ) {
				$next = $timestamp;
				break;
			}
		}

		if ( ! $next ) {
			return false;
		}

		$timestamp = $next;
	} elseif ( ! isset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ] ) ) {
		return false;
	}

	$event = (object) array(
		'hook'      => $hook,
		'timestamp' => $timestamp,
		'schedule'  => $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ]['schedule'],
		'args'      => $args,
	);

	if ( isset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ]['interval'] ) ) {
		$event->interval = $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ]['interval'];
	}

	return $event;
}

/**
 * Retrieves the timestamp of the next scheduled event for the given hook.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 *
 * @param string $hook Action hook of the event.
 * @param array  $args Optional. Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function.
 *                     Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify the
 *                     event, so they should be the same as those used when originally scheduling the event.
 *                     Default empty array.
 * @return int|false The Unix timestamp (UTC) of the next time the event will occur. False if the event doesn't exist.
 */
function wp_next_scheduled( $hook, $args = array() ) {
	$next_event = wp_get_scheduled_event( $hook, $args );

	if ( ! $next_event ) {
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Filters the timestamp of the next scheduled event for the given hook.
	 *
	 * @since 6.8.0
	 *
	 * @param int    $timestamp  Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event.
	 * @param object $next_event {
	 *     An object containing an event's data.
	 *
	 *     @type string $hook      Action hook of the event.
	 *     @type int    $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event.
	 *     @type string $schedule  How often the event should subsequently recur.
	 *     @type array  $args      Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook
	 *                             callback function.
	 *     @type int    $interval  Optional. The interval time in seconds for the schedule. Only
	 *                             present for recurring events.
	 * }
	 * @param array  $args       Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook
	 *                           callback function.
	 */
	return apply_filters( 'wp_next_scheduled', $next_event->timestamp, $next_event, $hook, $args );
}

/**
 * Sends a request to run cron through HTTP request that doesn't halt page loading.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return values added.
 *
 * @param int $gmt_time Optional. Unix timestamp (UTC). Default 0 (current time is used).
 * @return bool True if spawned, false if no events spawned.
 */
function spawn_cron( $gmt_time = 0 ) {
	if ( ! $gmt_time ) {
		$gmt_time = microtime( true );
	}

	if ( defined( 'DOING_CRON' ) || isset( $_GET['doing_wp_cron'] ) ) {
		return false;
	}

	/*
	 * Get the cron lock, which is a Unix timestamp of when the last cron was spawned
	 * and has not finished running.
	 *
	 * Multiple processes on multiple web servers can run this code concurrently,
	 * this lock attempts to make spawning as atomic as possible.
	 */
	$lock = (float) get_transient( 'doing_cron' );

	if ( $lock > $gmt_time + 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS ) {
		$lock = 0;
	}

	// Don't run if another process is currently running it or more than once every 60 sec.
	if ( $lock + WP_CRON_LOCK_TIMEOUT > $gmt_time ) {
		return false;
	}

	// Confidence check.
	$crons = wp_get_ready_cron_jobs();
	if ( empty( $crons ) ) {
		return false;
	}

	$keys = array_keys( $crons );
	if ( isset( $keys[0] ) && $keys[0] > $gmt_time ) {
		return false;
	}

	if ( defined( 'ALTERNATE_WP_CRON' ) && ALTERNATE_WP_CRON ) {
		if ( 'GET' !== $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] || defined( 'DOING_AJAX' ) || defined( 'XMLRPC_REQUEST' ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		$doing_wp_cron = sprintf( '%.22F', $gmt_time );
		set_transient( 'doing_cron', $doing_wp_cron );

		ob_start();
		wp_redirect( add_query_arg( 'doing_wp_cron', $doing_wp_cron, wp_unslash( $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] ) ) );
		echo ' ';

		// Flush any buffers and send the headers.
		wp_ob_end_flush_all();
		flush();

		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-cron.php';
		return true;
	}

	// Set the cron lock with the current unix timestamp, when the cron is being spawned.
	$doing_wp_cron = sprintf( '%.22F', $gmt_time );
	set_transient( 'doing_cron', $doing_wp_cron );

	/**
	 * Filters the cron request arguments.
	 *
	 * @since 3.5.0
	 * @since 4.5.0 The `$doing_wp_cron` parameter was added.
	 *
	 * @param array $cron_request_array {
	 *     An array of cron request URL arguments.
	 *
	 *     @type string $url  The cron request URL.
	 *     @type int    $key  The 22 digit GMT microtime.
	 *     @type array  $args {
	 *         An array of cron request arguments.
	 *
	 *         @type int  $timeout   The request timeout in seconds. Default .01 seconds.
	 *         @type bool $blocking  Whether to set blocking for the request. Default false.
	 *         @type bool $sslverify Whether SSL should be verified for the request. Default false.
	 *     }
	 * }
	 * @param string $doing_wp_cron The Unix timestamp (UTC) of the cron lock.
	 */
	$cron_request = apply_filters(
		'cron_request',
		array(
			'url'  => add_query_arg( 'doing_wp_cron', $doing_wp_cron, site_url( 'wp-cron.php' ) ),
			'key'  => $doing_wp_cron,
			'args' => array(
				'timeout'   => 0.01,
				'blocking'  => false,
				/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/class-wp-http-streams.php */
				'sslverify' => apply_filters( 'https_local_ssl_verify', false ),
			),
		),
		$doing_wp_cron
	);

	$result = wp_remote_post( $cron_request['url'], $cron_request['args'] );

	return ! is_wp_error( $result );
}

/**
 * Registers _wp_cron() to run on the {@see 'wp_loaded'} action.
 *
 * If the {@see 'wp_loaded'} action has already fired, this function calls
 * _wp_cron() directly.
 *
 * Warning: This function may return Boolean FALSE, but may also return a non-Boolean
 * value which evaluates to FALSE. For information about casting to booleans see the
 * {@link https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.boolean.php PHP documentation}. Use
 * the `===` operator for testing the return value of this function.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return value added to indicate success or failure.
 * @since 5.7.0 Functionality moved to _wp_cron() to which this becomes a wrapper.
 *
 * @return false|int|void On success an integer indicating number of events spawned (0 indicates no
 *                        events needed to be spawned), false if spawning fails for one or more events or
 *                        void if the function registered _wp_cron() to run on the action.
 */
function wp_cron() {
	if ( did_action( 'wp_loaded' ) ) {
		return _wp_cron();
	}

	add_action( 'wp_loaded', '_wp_cron', 20 );
}

/**
 * Runs scheduled callbacks or spawns cron for all scheduled events.
 *
 * Warning: This function may return Boolean FALSE, but may also return a non-Boolean
 * value which evaluates to FALSE. For information about casting to booleans see the
 * {@link https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.boolean.php PHP documentation}. Use
 * the `===` operator for testing the return value of this function.
 *
 * @since 5.7.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @return int|false On success an integer indicating number of events spawned (0 indicates no
 *                   events needed to be spawned), false if spawning fails for one or more events.
 */
function _wp_cron() {
	// Prevent infinite loops caused by lack of wp-cron.php.
	if ( str_contains( $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], '/wp-cron.php' )
		|| ( defined( 'DISABLE_WP_CRON' ) && DISABLE_WP_CRON )
	) {
		return 0;
	}

	$crons = wp_get_ready_cron_jobs();
	if ( empty( $crons ) ) {
		return 0;
	}

	$gmt_time = microtime( true );
	$keys     = array_keys( $crons );
	if ( isset( $keys[0] ) && $keys[0] > $gmt_time ) {
		return 0;
	}

	$schedules = wp_get_schedules();
	$results   = array();

	foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $cronhooks ) {
		if ( $timestamp > $gmt_time ) {
			break;
		}

		foreach ( (array) $cronhooks as $hook => $args ) {
			if ( isset( $schedules[ $hook ]['callback'] )
				&& ! call_user_func( $schedules[ $hook ]['callback'] )
			) {
				continue;
			}

			$results[] = spawn_cron( $gmt_time );
			break 2;
		}
	}

	if ( in_array( false, $results, true ) ) {
		return false;
	}

	return count( $results );
}

/**
 * Retrieves supported event recurrence schedules.
 *
 * The default supported recurrences are 'hourly', 'twicedaily', 'daily', and 'weekly'.
 * A plugin may add more by hooking into the {@see 'cron_schedules'} filter.
 * The filter accepts an array of arrays. The outer array has a key that is the name
 * of the schedule, for example 'monthly'. The value is an array with two keys,
 * one is 'interval' and the other is 'display'.
 *
 * The 'interval' is a number in seconds of when the cron job should run.
 * So for 'hourly' the time is `HOUR_IN_SECONDS` (`60 * 60` or `3600`). For 'monthly',
 * the value would be `MONTH_IN_SECONDS` (`30 * 24 * 60 * 60` or `2592000`).
 *
 * The 'display' is the description. For the 'monthly' key, the 'display'
 * would be `__( 'Once Monthly' )`.
 *
 * For your plugin, you will be passed an array. You can add your
 * schedule by doing the following:
 *
 *     // Filter parameter variable name is 'array'.
 *     $array['monthly'] = array(
 *         'interval' => MONTH_IN_SECONDS,
 *         'display'  => __( 'Once Monthly' )
 *     );
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.4.0 The 'weekly' schedule was added.
 *
 * @return array {
 *     The array of cron schedules keyed by the schedule name.
 *
 *     @type array ...$0 {
 *         Cron schedule information.
 *
 *         @type int    $interval The schedule interval in seconds.
 *         @type string $display  The schedule display name.
 *     }
 * }
 */
function wp_get_schedules() {
	$schedules = array(
		'hourly'     => array(
			'interval' => HOUR_IN_SECONDS,
			'display'  => __( 'Once Hourly' ),
		),
		'twicedaily' => array(
			'interval' => 12 * HOUR_IN_SECONDS,
			'display'  => __( 'Twice Daily' ),
		),
		'daily'      => array(
			'interval' => DAY_IN_SECONDS,
			'display'  => __( 'Once Daily' ),
		),
		'weekly'     => array(
			'interval' => WEEK_IN_SECONDS,
			'display'  => __( 'Once Weekly' ),
		),
	);

	/**
	 * Filters the non-default cron schedules.
	 *
	 * @since 2.1.0
	 *
	 * @param array $new_schedules {
	 *     An array of non-default cron schedules keyed by the schedule name. Default empty array.
	 *
	 *     @type array ...$0 {
	 *         Cron schedule information.
	 *
	 *         @type int    $interval The schedule interval in seconds.
	 *         @type string $display  The schedule display name.
	 *     }
	 * }
	 */
	return array_merge( apply_filters( 'cron_schedules', array() ), $schedules );
}

/**
 * Retrieves the name of the recurrence schedule for an event.
 *
 * @see wp_get_schedules() for available schedules.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 {@see 'get_schedule'} filter added.
 *
 * @param string $hook Action hook to identify the event.
 * @param array  $args Optional. Arguments passed to the event's callback function.
 *                     Default empty array.
 * @return string|false Schedule name on success, false if no schedule.
 */
function wp_get_schedule( $hook, $args = array() ) {
	$schedule = false;
	$event    = wp_get_scheduled_event( $hook, $args );

	if ( $event ) {
		$schedule = $event->schedule;
	}

	/**
	 * Filters the schedule name for a hook.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param string|false $schedule Schedule for the hook. False if not found.
	 * @param string       $hook     Action hook to execute when cron is run.
	 * @param array        $args     Arguments to pass to the hook's callback function.
	 */
	return apply_filters( 'get_schedule', $schedule, $hook, $args );
}

/**
 * Retrieves cron jobs ready to be run.
 *
 * Returns the results of _get_cron_array() limited to events ready to be run,
 * ie, with a timestamp in the past.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0
 *
 * @return array[] Array of cron job arrays ready to be run.
 */
function wp_get_ready_cron_jobs() {
	/**
	 * Filter to override retrieving ready cron jobs.
	 *
	 * Returning an array will short-circuit the normal retrieval of ready
	 * cron jobs, causing the function to return the filtered value instead.
	 *
	 * @since 5.1.0
	 *
	 * @param null|array[] $pre Array of ready cron tasks to return instead. Default null
	 *                          to continue using results from _get_cron_array().
	 */
	$pre = apply_filters( 'pre_get_ready_cron_jobs', null );

	if ( null !== $pre ) {
		return $pre;
	}

	$crons    = _get_cron_array();
	$gmt_time = microtime( true );
	$results  = array();

	foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $cronhooks ) {
		if ( $timestamp > $gmt_time ) {
			break;
		}

		$results[ $timestamp ] = $cronhooks;
	}

	return $results;
}

//
// Private functions.
//

/**
 * Retrieves cron info array option.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 6.1.0 Return type modified to consistently return an array.
 * @access private
 *
 * @return array[] Array of cron events.
 */
function _get_cron_array() {
	$cron = get_option( 'cron' );
	if ( ! is_array( $cron ) ) {
		return array();
	}

	if ( ! isset( $cron['version'] ) ) {
		$cron = _upgrade_cron_array( $cron );
	}

	unset( $cron['version'] );

	return $cron;
}

/**
 * Updates the cron option with the new cron array.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to outcome of update_option().
 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added.
 *
 * @access private
 *
 * @param array[] $cron     Array of cron info arrays from _get_cron_array().
 * @param bool    $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false.
 * @return bool|WP_Error True if cron array updated. False or WP_Error on failure.
 */
function _set_cron_array( $cron, $wp_error = false ) {
	if ( ! is_array( $cron ) ) {
		$cron = array();
	}

	$cron['version'] = 2;

	$result = update_option( 'cron', $cron, true );

	if ( $wp_error && ! $result ) {
		return new WP_Error(
			'could_not_set',
			__( 'The cron event list could not be saved.' )
		);
	}

	return $result;
}

/**
 * Upgrades a cron info array.
 *
 * This function upgrades the cron info array to version 2.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @param array $cron Cron info array from _get_cron_array().
 * @return array An upgraded cron info array.
 */
function _upgrade_cron_array( $cron ) {
	if ( isset( $cron['version'] ) && 2 === $cron['version'] ) {
		return $cron;
	}

	$new_cron = array();

	foreach ( (array) $cron as $timestamp => $hooks ) {
		foreach ( (array) $hooks as $hook => $args ) {
			$key = md5( serialize( $args['args'] ) );

			$new_cron[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ] = $args;
		}
	}

	$new_cron['version'] = 2;

	update_option( 'cron', $new_cron, true );

	return $new_cron;
}
الذكاء الاصطناعي في مصر تطور بلا تشريع فمن يتحمل المسؤولية؟ – tahkoom.com
تفاعل

الذكاء الاصطناعي في مصر تطور بلا تشريع فمن يتحمل المسؤولية؟

كتبت شروق عارف                                                                                                                                                    يشهد العالم تطورا غير مسبوق في التكنولوجيا، حيث أصبح الذكاء الاصطناعي قوة مؤثرة تعيد تشكيل حياتنا وتغيّر قواعد العديد من المجالات. ورغم ما يتيحه هذا التقدم من فرص واسعة، إلا أنه يثير تحديات ومخاوف، خاصة في ظل غياب تشريعات واضحة تنظم استخدامه في مجالات حساسة كالجراحة، والسيارات ذاتية القيادة، والمجال القانوني. هذا الواقع يطرح تساؤلات مهمة، أبرزها: من يتحمل المسؤولية عند حدوث خطأ؟ وتواجه مصر اليوم تحديا في سن قوانين تحمي حقوق الناس وتواكب في الوقت نفسه التقدم التكنولوجي                                                                                                                       

لا قانون للذكاء الاصطناعي حتى الان                                                                                               

صرح المحامي محمد عاطف  بأن الذكاء الاصطناعي لا يخضع حتى الآن لإطار قانوني واضح ومحدد.
و لم يتم إصدار قانون شامل ينظم استخداماته حتى الآن.

وأوضح أنه لا يجوز قانونًا للذكاء الاصطناعي تقديم استشارات قانونية، حيث إن هذه المهام يجب أن تكون من اختصاص محامي مرخص أو جهة قانونية معترف بها، لضمان صحة المعلومات .

وفي ما يتعلق بالمسؤولية الطبية، أشار إلى أن الطبيب هو المسؤول الأول عن الخطأ الطبي، باعتباره صاحب القرار والمتخصص في تقديم الرعاية الصحية، وبالتالي فهو الذي يُسأل قانونًا عند وقوع أي تقصير أو إهمال.

أما في حالات حوادث السير، فقد بين أن السائق هو المسؤول قانونيًا عن أي خطأ يقع أثناء القيادة، لأنه هو المتحكم .
وأضاف أن القانون لا يزال غير مستوعب بشكل كامل لمفهوم القيادة الذاتية، وبالتالي لا يحمل الذكاء الاصطناعي أي مسؤولية في هذا السياق حتى الآن.

من جانبه، أوضح المحامي الجنائي محمد علي أن الذكاء الاصطناعي لديه القدرة على تقديم استشارات أو خدمات قانونية.
ولكن لا بد أن نفرق بين دوره ودور المحامي، فالمحامي لا يعتمد فقط على المعلومات، بل على فهمه العميق للقانون وظروف كل قضية، وهو ما لا يستطيع الذكاء الاصطناعي تقديمه، لأنه في النهاية مجرد أداة.

كما أن الذكاء الاصطناعي يمكنه المساعدة في الوصول إلى مواد قانونية أو شرح بعض المفاهيم، لكنه لا يقدم حلولًا قانونية كاملة، ولا يستطيع التعامل مع تفاصيل كل حالة على حدة كما يفعل المحامي البشري.

وأشار إلى أن مصر لا تمتلك حتى الآن قانونًا خاصًا ينظم الذكاء الاصطناعي.
كما لا يوجد ما يمنع قانونًا استخدام أدوات الذكاء الاصطناعي في تقديم استشارات قانونية، لكن لا يمكن الاعتماد عليها كبديل عن المحامي المرخص، حيث يشترط قانون المحاماة أن تكون المرافعات والتوقيعات القانونية صادرة عن محامي معتمد من النقابة.

وفي المجال الطبي، أوضح أن القانون المصري لا يميز بوضوح بين الخطأ الناتج عن الإنسان والخطأ الناتج عن الذكاء الاصطناعي.
فإذا وقع ضرر نتيجة استخدام أدوات مثل الروبوتات الجراحية أو أنظمة التشخيص، فإن المسؤولية تقع غالبًا على الطبيب.

أما فيما يخص السيارات ذاتية القيادة، فأكد أن مصر لا تملك إطارًا قانونيًا ينظمها حتى الآن.
وفي حال وقوع حادث، قد تتحمل المسؤولية إما الشركة المصنعة أو مالك السيارة، حسب ظروف الحادث.

من جانبه، أكد المحامي المدني رامي أبو رية بأن مصطلح الذكاء الاصطناعي يعد تعبيرا فضفاضا، مما يجعل من السهل القول بأنه لا يوجد قانون محدد ينظم استخدامه.
إلا أن الواقع أكثر دقة فبمجرد تفكيك المصطلح والنظر في كل مجال تُستخدم فيه التكنولوجيا المعتمدة على الذكاء الاصطناعي، نجد أن القوانين الحالية تنظم هذه الاستخدامات بشكل أو بآخر.

وأكد على أهمية تحديد نوع المسؤولية القانونية عند مناقشة الأطر التنظيمية للذكاء الاصطناعي، موضحًا أن الحديث هنا ينصب على المسؤولية المدنية، التي تنقسم بدورها إلى نوعين: المسؤولية العقدية  والمسؤولية التقصيرية، التي تُعد الأقرب لتطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في الوقت الراهن.

وأوضح أن المسؤولية التقصيرية تقوم على ثلاثة عناصر: الخطأ، والضرر، وعلاقة السببية، وهو ما تنظمه المادة 163 من القانون المدني المصري.
وأعطى مثالًا على ذلك بالسيارات ذاتية القيادة، مشيرًا إلى أنها تخضع لأحكام المادة 178 من القانون المدني، التي تتعلق بمسؤولية حارس الأشياء، أي الشخص الذي يملك السيطرة الفعلية على الشيء الذي قد يُسبب ضررًا للغير.
وبناءً عليه، فإن مالك أو مشغل السيارة ذاتية القيادة هو المسؤول مدنيًا عن أي ضرر ناتج عنها.

وفيما يتعلق باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في تقديم الاستشارات القانونية، أشار أبو رية إلى أن هذه التقنية يمكنها حاليًا توليد نصوص قانونية تُقدَّم على هيئة استشارات، لكنها لا تستطيع تطبيقها فعليًا.
وقد تتضمن هذه الاستشارات معلومات عامة متداولة، أو تفاصيل دقيقة لا يعرفها سوى المتخصصين، ما قد يشكّل خطرًا على مصلحة من يطلب الاستشارة دون الرجوع إلى مختص بشري.

صرّحت الأستاذة هند توفيق، المحامية المتخصصة بالإستئناف العالي بأن استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في مصر يخضع لإطار قانوني واضح، حيث ينظمه قانون حماية البيانات الشخصية الصادر عام 2020، بالإضافة إلى قانون مكافحة جرائم تقنية المعلومات لسنة 2018، ما يضع استخدام هذه التكنولوجيا تحت الرقابة القانونية.

وأوضحت أن الذكاء الاصطناعي يمكن الاستفادة منه في تقديم استشارات وآراء قانونية أو خدمات مساعدة، مؤكدة على استخدامه بشكل فعلي في الأبحاث القانونية وصياغة المذكرات، إلا أن هذه الأدوات لا تحمل طابعًا رسميًا، ويمكن الاعتماد عليها كمصدر تمهيدي أو مساعد، لا أكثر.

وفيما يتعلق بالمسؤولية القانونية في حالة الأخطاء الطبية الناتجة عن استخدام الروبوتات، أكدت أن هناك شقين للمساءلة: جنائي ومدني. ففي الشق الجنائي، يُعد الروبوت بمثابة أداة جراحية، وأي خلل ناتج عنه يؤدي إلى مساءلة الطبيب جنائيًا بتهمة القتل أو الإصابة الخطأ، وفقًا للضرر الواقع. أما في الشق المدني، فالمسؤولية تقع على الطبيب كذلك، باعتبارها مسؤولية تقصيرية، مضيفة أن القانون المدني المصري يتضمن مفهوم “مسؤولية حارس الأشياء”، والتي يمكن تطبيقها على الروبوت باعتباره شيئًا ماديًا، مما يرتب تعويضًا مدنيًا عن الضرر.

وبالنسبة للحوادث الناجمة عن السيارات ذاتية القيادة، أوضحت أن المبدأ نفسه ينطبق؛ حيث يُسأل مالك السيارة مدنيًا، ما لم يثبت أن العطل ناتج عن خلل تقني أو عيب مصنعي، مع تأكيده على اتخاذه الاحتياطات اللازمة. أما من الناحية الجنائية، فلا يوجد حتى الآن نص قانوني واضح يعالج هذه الحالة.

وفي تقييمها للتأثير الاقتصادي للذكاء الاصطناعي، شددت الأستاذة هند على أن هذه التكنولوجيا باتت تمثل خطرًا حقيقيًا على العديد من المهن، خصوصًا تلك التي تعتمد على المهارات الذهنية، مثل مهنة المحاماة والقضاء. لكنها أوضحت أن الوضع في مصر يختلف، إذ لا يمكن الاعتماد كليًا على الذكاء الاصطناعي في تحقيق العدالة، بسبب الطبيعة البشرية لتكوين قناعة القاضي واستنباط القرائن، وهو ما لا تستطيع الخوارزميات محاكاته حتى الآن.

واختتمت حديثها قائلة: “من يعلم؟! ربما نشهد بعد سنوات قليلة طفرة جديدة تجعل الذكاء الاصطناعي قادراً على أداء مهام لم نكن نتخيل أن يفعلها. منذ أربعين عامًا، لو قال لنا أحد أننا سنتحدث اليوم عبر جهاز يسمى الموبايل ونتبادل الرسائل الإلكترونية، لكنا اتهمناه بالجنون”.

 

لم يعد الذكاء الاصطناعي مجرد فكرة مستقبلية، بل أصبح واقع نعيشه ، ودخل مجالات حساسة تمس حياة الناس بشكل مباشر.
ومع هذا الانتشار السريع، يظل القانون في مصر متأخرًا عن مواكبة هذا التطور، فلا توجد تشريعات واضحة تحدد من المسؤول عند وقوع الخطأ.
ولهذا، فإن وضع إطار قانوني ينظم استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي أصبح ضرورة لا تحتمل التأجيل، لحماية الحقوق وضمان الاستخدام الآمن والعادل لهذه التكنولوجيا.

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