<?php
/**
* Rewrite API: WP_Rewrite class
*
* @package WordPress
* @subpackage Rewrite
* @since 1.5.0
*/
/**
* Core class used to implement a rewrite component API.
*
* The WordPress Rewrite class writes the rewrite module rules to the .htaccess
* file. It also handles parsing the request to get the correct setup for the
* WordPress Query class.
*
* The Rewrite along with WP class function as a front controller for WordPress.
* You can add rules to trigger your page view and processing using this
* component. The full functionality of a front controller does not exist,
* meaning you can't define how the template files load based on the rewrite
* rules.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*/
#[AllowDynamicProperties]
class WP_Rewrite {
/**
* Permalink structure for posts.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $permalink_structure;
/**
* Whether to add trailing slashes.
*
* @since 2.2.0
* @var bool
*/
public $use_trailing_slashes;
/**
* Base for the author permalink structure (example.com/$author_base/authorname).
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $author_base = 'author';
/**
* Permalink structure for author archives.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $author_structure;
/**
* Permalink structure for date archives.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $date_structure;
/**
* Permalink structure for pages.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $page_structure;
/**
* Base of the search permalink structure (example.com/$search_base/query).
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $search_base = 'search';
/**
* Permalink structure for searches.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $search_structure;
/**
* Comments permalink base.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $comments_base = 'comments';
/**
* Pagination permalink base.
*
* @since 3.1.0
* @var string
*/
public $pagination_base = 'page';
/**
* Comments pagination permalink base.
*
* @since 4.2.0
* @var string
*/
public $comments_pagination_base = 'comment-page';
/**
* Feed permalink base.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $feed_base = 'feed';
/**
* Comments feed permalink structure.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $comment_feed_structure;
/**
* Feed request permalink structure.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $feed_structure;
/**
* The static portion of the post permalink structure.
*
* If the permalink structure is "/archive/%post_id%" then the front
* is "/archive/". If the permalink structure is "/%year%/%postname%/"
* then the front is "/".
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*
* @see WP_Rewrite::init()
*/
public $front;
/**
* The prefix for all permalink structures.
*
* If PATHINFO/index permalinks are in use then the root is the value of
* `WP_Rewrite::$index` with a trailing slash appended. Otherwise the root
* will be empty.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*
* @see WP_Rewrite::init()
* @see WP_Rewrite::using_index_permalinks()
*/
public $root = '';
/**
* The name of the index file which is the entry point to all requests.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $index = 'index.php';
/**
* Variable name to use for regex matches in the rewritten query.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string
*/
public $matches = '';
/**
* Rewrite rules to match against the request to find the redirect or query.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string[]
*/
public $rules;
/**
* Additional rules added external to the rewrite class.
*
* Those not generated by the class, see add_rewrite_rule().
*
* @since 2.1.0
* @var string[]
*/
public $extra_rules = array();
/**
* Additional rules that belong at the beginning to match first.
*
* Those not generated by the class, see add_rewrite_rule().
*
* @since 2.3.0
* @var string[]
*/
public $extra_rules_top = array();
/**
* Rules that don't redirect to WordPress' index.php.
*
* These rules are written to the mod_rewrite portion of the .htaccess,
* and are added by add_external_rule().
*
* @since 2.1.0
* @var string[]
*/
public $non_wp_rules = array();
/**
* Extra permalink structures, e.g. categories, added by add_permastruct().
*
* @since 2.1.0
* @var array[]
*/
public $extra_permastructs = array();
/**
* Endpoints (like /trackback/) added by add_rewrite_endpoint().
*
* @since 2.1.0
* @var array[]
*/
public $endpoints;
/**
* Whether to write every mod_rewrite rule for WordPress into the .htaccess file.
*
* This is off by default, turning it on might print a lot of rewrite rules
* to the .htaccess file.
*
* @since 2.0.0
* @var bool
*
* @see WP_Rewrite::mod_rewrite_rules()
*/
public $use_verbose_rules = false;
/**
* Could post permalinks be confused with those of pages?
*
* If the first rewrite tag in the post permalink structure is one that could
* also match a page name (e.g. %postname% or %author%) then this flag is
* set to true. Prior to WordPress 3.3 this flag indicated that every page
* would have a set of rules added to the top of the rewrite rules array.
* Now it tells WP::parse_request() to check if a URL matching the page
* permastruct is actually a page before accepting it.
*
* @since 2.5.0
* @var bool
*
* @see WP_Rewrite::init()
*/
public $use_verbose_page_rules = true;
/**
* Rewrite tags that can be used in permalink structures.
*
* These are translated into the regular expressions stored in
* `WP_Rewrite::$rewritereplace` and are rewritten to the query
* variables listed in WP_Rewrite::$queryreplace.
*
* Additional tags can be added with add_rewrite_tag().
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string[]
*/
public $rewritecode = array(
'%year%',
'%monthnum%',
'%day%',
'%hour%',
'%minute%',
'%second%',
'%postname%',
'%post_id%',
'%author%',
'%pagename%',
'%search%',
);
/**
* Regular expressions to be substituted into rewrite rules in place
* of rewrite tags, see WP_Rewrite::$rewritecode.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string[]
*/
public $rewritereplace = array(
'([0-9]{4})',
'([0-9]{1,2})',
'([0-9]{1,2})',
'([0-9]{1,2})',
'([0-9]{1,2})',
'([0-9]{1,2})',
'([^/]+)',
'([0-9]+)',
'([^/]+)',
'([^/]+?)',
'(.+)',
);
/**
* Query variables that rewrite tags map to, see WP_Rewrite::$rewritecode.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string[]
*/
public $queryreplace = array(
'year=',
'monthnum=',
'day=',
'hour=',
'minute=',
'second=',
'name=',
'p=',
'author_name=',
'pagename=',
's=',
);
/**
* Supported default feeds.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @var string[]
*/
public $feeds = array( 'feed', 'rdf', 'rss', 'rss2', 'atom' );
/**
* Determines whether permalinks are being used.
*
* This can be either rewrite module or permalink in the HTTP query string.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return bool True, if permalinks are enabled.
*/
public function using_permalinks() {
return ! empty( $this->permalink_structure );
}
/**
* Determines whether permalinks are being used and rewrite module is not enabled.
*
* Means that permalink links are enabled and index.php is in the URL.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return bool Whether permalink links are enabled and index.php is in the URL.
*/
public function using_index_permalinks() {
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
return false;
}
// If the index is not in the permalink, we're using mod_rewrite.
return preg_match( '#^/*' . $this->index . '#', $this->permalink_structure );
}
/**
* Determines whether permalinks are being used and rewrite module is enabled.
*
* Using permalinks and index.php is not in the URL.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return bool Whether permalink links are enabled and index.php is NOT in the URL.
*/
public function using_mod_rewrite_permalinks() {
return $this->using_permalinks() && ! $this->using_index_permalinks();
}
/**
* Indexes for matches for usage in preg_*() functions.
*
* The format of the string is, with empty matches property value, '$NUM'.
* The 'NUM' will be replaced with the value in the $number parameter. With
* the matches property not empty, the value of the returned string will
* contain that value of the matches property. The format then will be
* '$MATCHES[NUM]', with MATCHES as the value in the property and NUM the
* value of the $number parameter.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param int $number Index number.
* @return string
*/
public function preg_index( $number ) {
$match_prefix = '$';
$match_suffix = '';
if ( ! empty( $this->matches ) ) {
$match_prefix = '$' . $this->matches . '[';
$match_suffix = ']';
}
return "$match_prefix$number$match_suffix";
}
/**
* Retrieves all pages and attachments for pages URIs.
*
* The attachments are for those that have pages as parents and will be
* retrieved.
*
* @since 2.5.0
*
* @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
*
* @return array Array of page URIs as first element and attachment URIs as second element.
*/
public function page_uri_index() {
global $wpdb;
// Get pages in order of hierarchy, i.e. children after parents.
$pages = $wpdb->get_results( "SELECT ID, post_name, post_parent FROM $wpdb->posts WHERE post_type = 'page' AND post_status != 'auto-draft'" );
$posts = get_page_hierarchy( $pages );
// If we have no pages get out quick.
if ( ! $posts ) {
return array( array(), array() );
}
// Now reverse it, because we need parents after children for rewrite rules to work properly.
$posts = array_reverse( $posts, true );
$page_uris = array();
$page_attachment_uris = array();
foreach ( $posts as $id => $post ) {
// URL => page name.
$uri = get_page_uri( $id );
$attachments = $wpdb->get_results( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT ID, post_name, post_parent FROM $wpdb->posts WHERE post_type = 'attachment' AND post_parent = %d", $id ) );
if ( ! empty( $attachments ) ) {
foreach ( $attachments as $attachment ) {
$attach_uri = get_page_uri( $attachment->ID );
$page_attachment_uris[ $attach_uri ] = $attachment->ID;
}
}
$page_uris[ $uri ] = $id;
}
return array( $page_uris, $page_attachment_uris );
}
/**
* Retrieves all of the rewrite rules for pages.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string[] Page rewrite rules.
*/
public function page_rewrite_rules() {
// The extra .? at the beginning prevents clashes with other regular expressions in the rules array.
$this->add_rewrite_tag( '%pagename%', '(.?.+?)', 'pagename=' );
return $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $this->get_page_permastruct(), EP_PAGES, true, true, false, false );
}
/**
* Retrieves date permalink structure, with year, month, and day.
*
* The permalink structure for the date, if not set already depends on the
* permalink structure. It can be one of three formats. The first is year,
* month, day; the second is day, month, year; and the last format is month,
* day, year. These are matched against the permalink structure for which
* one is used. If none matches, then the default will be used, which is
* year, month, day.
*
* Prevents post ID and date permalinks from overlapping. In the case of
* post_id, the date permalink will be prepended with front permalink with
* 'date/' before the actual permalink to form the complete date permalink
* structure.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Date permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_date_permastruct() {
if ( isset( $this->date_structure ) ) {
return $this->date_structure;
}
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
$this->date_structure = '';
return false;
}
// The date permalink must have year, month, and day separated by slashes.
$endians = array( '%year%/%monthnum%/%day%', '%day%/%monthnum%/%year%', '%monthnum%/%day%/%year%' );
$this->date_structure = '';
$date_endian = '';
foreach ( $endians as $endian ) {
if ( str_contains( $this->permalink_structure, $endian ) ) {
$date_endian = $endian;
break;
}
}
if ( empty( $date_endian ) ) {
$date_endian = '%year%/%monthnum%/%day%';
}
/*
* Do not allow the date tags and %post_id% to overlap in the permalink
* structure. If they do, move the date tags to $front/date/.
*/
$front = $this->front;
preg_match_all( '/%.+?%/', $this->permalink_structure, $tokens );
$tok_index = 1;
foreach ( (array) $tokens[0] as $token ) {
if ( '%post_id%' === $token && ( $tok_index <= 3 ) ) {
$front = $front . 'date/';
break;
}
++$tok_index;
}
$this->date_structure = $front . $date_endian;
return $this->date_structure;
}
/**
* Retrieves the year permalink structure without month and day.
*
* Gets the date permalink structure and strips out the month and day
* permalink structures.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Year permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_year_permastruct() {
$structure = $this->get_date_permastruct();
if ( empty( $structure ) ) {
return false;
}
$structure = str_replace( '%monthnum%', '', $structure );
$structure = str_replace( '%day%', '', $structure );
$structure = preg_replace( '#/+#', '/', $structure );
return $structure;
}
/**
* Retrieves the month permalink structure without day and with year.
*
* Gets the date permalink structure and strips out the day permalink
* structures. Keeps the year permalink structure.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Year/Month permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_month_permastruct() {
$structure = $this->get_date_permastruct();
if ( empty( $structure ) ) {
return false;
}
$structure = str_replace( '%day%', '', $structure );
$structure = preg_replace( '#/+#', '/', $structure );
return $structure;
}
/**
* Retrieves the day permalink structure with month and year.
*
* Keeps date permalink structure with all year, month, and day.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Year/Month/Day permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_day_permastruct() {
return $this->get_date_permastruct();
}
/**
* Retrieves the permalink structure for categories.
*
* If the category_base property has no value, then the category structure
* will have the front property value, followed by 'category', and finally
* '%category%'. If it does, then the root property will be used, along with
* the category_base property value.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Category permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_category_permastruct() {
return $this->get_extra_permastruct( 'category' );
}
/**
* Retrieves the permalink structure for tags.
*
* If the tag_base property has no value, then the tag structure will have
* the front property value, followed by 'tag', and finally '%tag%'. If it
* does, then the root property will be used, along with the tag_base
* property value.
*
* @since 2.3.0
*
* @return string|false Tag permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_tag_permastruct() {
return $this->get_extra_permastruct( 'post_tag' );
}
/**
* Retrieves an extra permalink structure by name.
*
* @since 2.5.0
*
* @param string $name Permalink structure name.
* @return string|false Permalink structure string on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_extra_permastruct( $name ) {
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
return false;
}
if ( isset( $this->extra_permastructs[ $name ] ) ) {
return $this->extra_permastructs[ $name ]['struct'];
}
return false;
}
/**
* Retrieves the author permalink structure.
*
* The permalink structure is front property, author base, and finally
* '/%author%'. Will set the author_structure property and then return it
* without attempting to set the value again.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Author permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_author_permastruct() {
if ( isset( $this->author_structure ) ) {
return $this->author_structure;
}
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
$this->author_structure = '';
return false;
}
$this->author_structure = $this->front . $this->author_base . '/%author%';
return $this->author_structure;
}
/**
* Retrieves the search permalink structure.
*
* The permalink structure is root property, search base, and finally
* '/%search%'. Will set the search_structure property and then return it
* without attempting to set the value again.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Search permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_search_permastruct() {
if ( isset( $this->search_structure ) ) {
return $this->search_structure;
}
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
$this->search_structure = '';
return false;
}
$this->search_structure = $this->root . $this->search_base . '/%search%';
return $this->search_structure;
}
/**
* Retrieves the page permalink structure.
*
* The permalink structure is root property, and '%pagename%'. Will set the
* page_structure property and then return it without attempting to set the
* value again.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Page permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_page_permastruct() {
if ( isset( $this->page_structure ) ) {
return $this->page_structure;
}
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
$this->page_structure = '';
return false;
}
$this->page_structure = $this->root . '%pagename%';
return $this->page_structure;
}
/**
* Retrieves the feed permalink structure.
*
* The permalink structure is root property, feed base, and finally
* '/%feed%'. Will set the feed_structure property and then return it
* without attempting to set the value again.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Feed permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_feed_permastruct() {
if ( isset( $this->feed_structure ) ) {
return $this->feed_structure;
}
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
$this->feed_structure = '';
return false;
}
$this->feed_structure = $this->root . $this->feed_base . '/%feed%';
return $this->feed_structure;
}
/**
* Retrieves the comment feed permalink structure.
*
* The permalink structure is root property, comment base property, feed
* base and finally '/%feed%'. Will set the comment_feed_structure property
* and then return it without attempting to set the value again.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string|false Comment feed permalink structure on success, false on failure.
*/
public function get_comment_feed_permastruct() {
if ( isset( $this->comment_feed_structure ) ) {
return $this->comment_feed_structure;
}
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
$this->comment_feed_structure = '';
return false;
}
$this->comment_feed_structure = $this->root . $this->comments_base . '/' . $this->feed_base . '/%feed%';
return $this->comment_feed_structure;
}
/**
* Adds or updates existing rewrite tags (e.g. %postname%).
*
* If the tag already exists, replace the existing pattern and query for
* that tag, otherwise add the new tag.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @see WP_Rewrite::$rewritecode
* @see WP_Rewrite::$rewritereplace
* @see WP_Rewrite::$queryreplace
*
* @param string $tag Name of the rewrite tag to add or update.
* @param string $regex Regular expression to substitute the tag for in rewrite rules.
* @param string $query String to append to the rewritten query. Must end in '='.
*/
public function add_rewrite_tag( $tag, $regex, $query ) {
$position = array_search( $tag, $this->rewritecode, true );
if ( false !== $position && null !== $position ) {
$this->rewritereplace[ $position ] = $regex;
$this->queryreplace[ $position ] = $query;
} else {
$this->rewritecode[] = $tag;
$this->rewritereplace[] = $regex;
$this->queryreplace[] = $query;
}
}
/**
* Removes an existing rewrite tag.
*
* @since 4.5.0
*
* @see WP_Rewrite::$rewritecode
* @see WP_Rewrite::$rewritereplace
* @see WP_Rewrite::$queryreplace
*
* @param string $tag Name of the rewrite tag to remove.
*/
public function remove_rewrite_tag( $tag ) {
$position = array_search( $tag, $this->rewritecode, true );
if ( false !== $position && null !== $position ) {
unset( $this->rewritecode[ $position ] );
unset( $this->rewritereplace[ $position ] );
unset( $this->queryreplace[ $position ] );
}
}
/**
* Generates rewrite rules from a permalink structure.
*
* The main WP_Rewrite function for building the rewrite rule list. The
* contents of the function is a mix of black magic and regular expressions,
* so best just ignore the contents and move to the parameters.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string $permalink_structure The permalink structure.
* @param int $ep_mask Optional. Endpoint mask defining what endpoints are added to the structure.
* Accepts a mask of:
* - `EP_ALL`
* - `EP_NONE`
* - `EP_ALL_ARCHIVES`
* - `EP_ATTACHMENT`
* - `EP_AUTHORS`
* - `EP_CATEGORIES`
* - `EP_COMMENTS`
* - `EP_DATE`
* - `EP_DAY`
* - `EP_MONTH`
* - `EP_PAGES`
* - `EP_PERMALINK`
* - `EP_ROOT`
* - `EP_SEARCH`
* - `EP_TAGS`
* - `EP_YEAR`
* Default `EP_NONE`.
* @param bool $paged Optional. Whether archive pagination rules should be added for the structure.
* Default true.
* @param bool $feed Optional. Whether feed rewrite rules should be added for the structure.
* Default true.
* @param bool $forcomments Optional. Whether the feed rules should be a query for a comments feed.
* Default false.
* @param bool $walk_dirs Optional. Whether the 'directories' making up the structure should be walked
* over and rewrite rules built for each in-turn. Default true.
* @param bool $endpoints Optional. Whether endpoints should be applied to the generated rewrite rules.
* Default true.
* @return string[] Array of rewrite rules keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
public function generate_rewrite_rules( $permalink_structure, $ep_mask = EP_NONE, $paged = true, $feed = true, $forcomments = false, $walk_dirs = true, $endpoints = true ) {
// Build a regex to match the feed section of URLs, something like (feed|atom|rss|rss2)/?
$feedregex2 = '';
foreach ( (array) $this->feeds as $feed_name ) {
$feedregex2 .= $feed_name . '|';
}
$feedregex2 = '(' . trim( $feedregex2, '|' ) . ')/?$';
/*
* $feedregex is identical but with /feed/ added on as well, so URLs like <permalink>/feed/atom
* and <permalink>/atom are both possible
*/
$feedregex = $this->feed_base . '/' . $feedregex2;
// Build a regex to match the trackback and page/xx parts of URLs.
$trackbackregex = 'trackback/?$';
$pageregex = $this->pagination_base . '/?([0-9]{1,})/?$';
$commentregex = $this->comments_pagination_base . '-([0-9]{1,})/?$';
$embedregex = 'embed/?$';
// Build up an array of endpoint regexes to append => queries to append.
if ( $endpoints ) {
$ep_query_append = array();
foreach ( (array) $this->endpoints as $endpoint ) {
// Match everything after the endpoint name, but allow for nothing to appear there.
$epmatch = $endpoint[1] . '(/(.*))?/?$';
// This will be appended on to the rest of the query for each dir.
$epquery = '&' . $endpoint[2] . '=';
$ep_query_append[ $epmatch ] = array( $endpoint[0], $epquery );
}
}
// Get everything up to the first rewrite tag.
$front = substr( $permalink_structure, 0, strpos( $permalink_structure, '%' ) );
// Build an array of the tags (note that said array ends up being in $tokens[0]).
preg_match_all( '/%.+?%/', $permalink_structure, $tokens );
$num_tokens = count( $tokens[0] );
$index = $this->index; // Probably 'index.php'.
$feedindex = $index;
$trackbackindex = $index;
$embedindex = $index;
/*
* Build a list from the rewritecode and queryreplace arrays, that will look something
* like tagname=$matches[i] where i is the current $i.
*/
$queries = array();
for ( $i = 0; $i < $num_tokens; ++$i ) {
if ( 0 < $i ) {
$queries[ $i ] = $queries[ $i - 1 ] . '&';
} else {
$queries[ $i ] = '';
}
$query_token = str_replace( $this->rewritecode, $this->queryreplace, $tokens[0][ $i ] ) . $this->preg_index( $i + 1 );
$queries[ $i ] .= $query_token;
}
// Get the structure, minus any cruft (stuff that isn't tags) at the front.
$structure = $permalink_structure;
if ( '/' !== $front ) {
$structure = str_replace( $front, '', $structure );
}
/*
* Create a list of dirs to walk over, making rewrite rules for each level
* so for example, a $structure of /%year%/%monthnum%/%postname% would create
* rewrite rules for /%year%/, /%year%/%monthnum%/ and /%year%/%monthnum%/%postname%
*/
$structure = trim( $structure, '/' );
$dirs = $walk_dirs ? explode( '/', $structure ) : array( $structure );
$num_dirs = count( $dirs );
// Strip slashes from the front of $front.
$front = preg_replace( '|^/+|', '', $front );
// The main workhorse loop.
$post_rewrite = array();
$struct = $front;
for ( $j = 0; $j < $num_dirs; ++$j ) {
// Get the struct for this dir, and trim slashes off the front.
$struct .= $dirs[ $j ] . '/'; // Accumulate. see comment near explode('/', $structure) above.
$struct = ltrim( $struct, '/' );
// Replace tags with regexes.
$match = str_replace( $this->rewritecode, $this->rewritereplace, $struct );
// Make a list of tags, and store how many there are in $num_toks.
$num_toks = preg_match_all( '/%.+?%/', $struct, $toks );
// Get the 'tagname=$matches[i]'.
$query = ( ! empty( $num_toks ) && isset( $queries[ $num_toks - 1 ] ) ) ? $queries[ $num_toks - 1 ] : '';
// Set up $ep_mask_specific which is used to match more specific URL types.
switch ( $dirs[ $j ] ) {
case '%year%':
$ep_mask_specific = EP_YEAR;
break;
case '%monthnum%':
$ep_mask_specific = EP_MONTH;
break;
case '%day%':
$ep_mask_specific = EP_DAY;
break;
default:
$ep_mask_specific = EP_NONE;
}
// Create query for /page/xx.
$pagematch = $match . $pageregex;
$pagequery = $index . '?' . $query . '&paged=' . $this->preg_index( $num_toks + 1 );
// Create query for /comment-page-xx.
$commentmatch = $match . $commentregex;
$commentquery = $index . '?' . $query . '&cpage=' . $this->preg_index( $num_toks + 1 );
if ( get_option( 'page_on_front' ) ) {
// Create query for Root /comment-page-xx.
$rootcommentmatch = $match . $commentregex;
$rootcommentquery = $index . '?' . $query . '&page_id=' . get_option( 'page_on_front' ) . '&cpage=' . $this->preg_index( $num_toks + 1 );
}
// Create query for /feed/(feed|atom|rss|rss2|rdf).
$feedmatch = $match . $feedregex;
$feedquery = $feedindex . '?' . $query . '&feed=' . $this->preg_index( $num_toks + 1 );
// Create query for /(feed|atom|rss|rss2|rdf) (see comment near creation of $feedregex).
$feedmatch2 = $match . $feedregex2;
$feedquery2 = $feedindex . '?' . $query . '&feed=' . $this->preg_index( $num_toks + 1 );
// Create query and regex for embeds.
$embedmatch = $match . $embedregex;
$embedquery = $embedindex . '?' . $query . '&embed=true';
// If asked to, turn the feed queries into comment feed ones.
if ( $forcomments ) {
$feedquery .= '&withcomments=1';
$feedquery2 .= '&withcomments=1';
}
// Start creating the array of rewrites for this dir.
$rewrite = array();
// ...adding on /feed/ regexes => queries.
if ( $feed ) {
$rewrite = array(
$feedmatch => $feedquery,
$feedmatch2 => $feedquery2,
$embedmatch => $embedquery,
);
}
// ...and /page/xx ones.
if ( $paged ) {
$rewrite = array_merge( $rewrite, array( $pagematch => $pagequery ) );
}
// Only on pages with comments add ../comment-page-xx/.
if ( EP_PAGES & $ep_mask || EP_PERMALINK & $ep_mask ) {
$rewrite = array_merge( $rewrite, array( $commentmatch => $commentquery ) );
} elseif ( EP_ROOT & $ep_mask && get_option( 'page_on_front' ) ) {
$rewrite = array_merge( $rewrite, array( $rootcommentmatch => $rootcommentquery ) );
}
// Do endpoints.
if ( $endpoints ) {
foreach ( (array) $ep_query_append as $regex => $ep ) {
// Add the endpoints on if the mask fits.
if ( $ep[0] & $ep_mask || $ep[0] & $ep_mask_specific ) {
$rewrite[ $match . $regex ] = $index . '?' . $query . $ep[1] . $this->preg_index( $num_toks + 2 );
}
}
}
// If we've got some tags in this dir.
if ( $num_toks ) {
$post = false;
$page = false;
/*
* Check to see if this dir is permalink-level: i.e. the structure specifies an
* individual post. Do this by checking it contains at least one of 1) post name,
* 2) post ID, 3) page name, 4) timestamp (year, month, day, hour, second and
* minute all present). Set these flags now as we need them for the endpoints.
*/
if ( str_contains( $struct, '%postname%' )
|| str_contains( $struct, '%post_id%' )
|| str_contains( $struct, '%pagename%' )
|| ( str_contains( $struct, '%year%' )
&& str_contains( $struct, '%monthnum%' )
&& str_contains( $struct, '%day%' )
&& str_contains( $struct, '%hour%' )
&& str_contains( $struct, '%minute%' )
&& str_contains( $struct, '%second%' ) )
) {
$post = true;
if ( str_contains( $struct, '%pagename%' ) ) {
$page = true;
}
}
if ( ! $post ) {
// For custom post types, we need to add on endpoints as well.
foreach ( get_post_types( array( '_builtin' => false ) ) as $ptype ) {
if ( str_contains( $struct, "%$ptype%" ) ) {
$post = true;
// This is for page style attachment URLs.
$page = is_post_type_hierarchical( $ptype );
break;
}
}
}
// If creating rules for a permalink, do all the endpoints like attachments etc.
if ( $post ) {
// Create query and regex for trackback.
$trackbackmatch = $match . $trackbackregex;
$trackbackquery = $trackbackindex . '?' . $query . '&tb=1';
// Create query and regex for embeds.
$embedmatch = $match . $embedregex;
$embedquery = $embedindex . '?' . $query . '&embed=true';
// Trim slashes from the end of the regex for this dir.
$match = rtrim( $match, '/' );
// Get rid of brackets.
$submatchbase = str_replace( array( '(', ')' ), '', $match );
// Add a rule for at attachments, which take the form of <permalink>/some-text.
$sub1 = $submatchbase . '/([^/]+)/';
// Add trackback regex <permalink>/trackback/...
$sub1tb = $sub1 . $trackbackregex;
// And <permalink>/feed/(atom|...)
$sub1feed = $sub1 . $feedregex;
// And <permalink>/(feed|atom...)
$sub1feed2 = $sub1 . $feedregex2;
// And <permalink>/comment-page-xx
$sub1comment = $sub1 . $commentregex;
// And <permalink>/embed/...
$sub1embed = $sub1 . $embedregex;
/*
* Add another rule to match attachments in the explicit form:
* <permalink>/attachment/some-text
*/
$sub2 = $submatchbase . '/attachment/([^/]+)/';
// And add trackbacks <permalink>/attachment/trackback.
$sub2tb = $sub2 . $trackbackregex;
// Feeds, <permalink>/attachment/feed/(atom|...)
$sub2feed = $sub2 . $feedregex;
// And feeds again on to this <permalink>/attachment/(feed|atom...)
$sub2feed2 = $sub2 . $feedregex2;
// And <permalink>/comment-page-xx
$sub2comment = $sub2 . $commentregex;
// And <permalink>/embed/...
$sub2embed = $sub2 . $embedregex;
// Create queries for these extra tag-ons we've just dealt with.
$subquery = $index . '?attachment=' . $this->preg_index( 1 );
$subtbquery = $subquery . '&tb=1';
$subfeedquery = $subquery . '&feed=' . $this->preg_index( 2 );
$subcommentquery = $subquery . '&cpage=' . $this->preg_index( 2 );
$subembedquery = $subquery . '&embed=true';
// Do endpoints for attachments.
if ( ! empty( $endpoints ) ) {
foreach ( (array) $ep_query_append as $regex => $ep ) {
if ( $ep[0] & EP_ATTACHMENT ) {
$rewrite[ $sub1 . $regex ] = $subquery . $ep[1] . $this->preg_index( 3 );
$rewrite[ $sub2 . $regex ] = $subquery . $ep[1] . $this->preg_index( 3 );
}
}
}
/*
* Now we've finished with endpoints, finish off the $sub1 and $sub2 matches
* add a ? as we don't have to match that last slash, and finally a $ so we
* match to the end of the URL
*/
$sub1 .= '?$';
$sub2 .= '?$';
/*
* Post pagination, e.g. <permalink>/2/
* Previously: '(/[0-9]+)?/?$', which produced '/2' for page.
* When cast to int, returned 0.
*/
$match = $match . '(?:/([0-9]+))?/?$';
$query = $index . '?' . $query . '&page=' . $this->preg_index( $num_toks + 1 );
// Not matching a permalink so this is a lot simpler.
} else {
// Close the match and finalize the query.
$match .= '?$';
$query = $index . '?' . $query;
}
/*
* Create the final array for this dir by joining the $rewrite array (which currently
* only contains rules/queries for trackback, pages etc) to the main regex/query for
* this dir
*/
$rewrite = array_merge( $rewrite, array( $match => $query ) );
// If we're matching a permalink, add those extras (attachments etc) on.
if ( $post ) {
// Add trackback.
$rewrite = array_merge( array( $trackbackmatch => $trackbackquery ), $rewrite );
// Add embed.
$rewrite = array_merge( array( $embedmatch => $embedquery ), $rewrite );
// Add regexes/queries for attachments, attachment trackbacks and so on.
if ( ! $page ) {
// Require <permalink>/attachment/stuff form for pages because of confusion with subpages.
$rewrite = array_merge(
$rewrite,
array(
$sub1 => $subquery,
$sub1tb => $subtbquery,
$sub1feed => $subfeedquery,
$sub1feed2 => $subfeedquery,
$sub1comment => $subcommentquery,
$sub1embed => $subembedquery,
)
);
}
$rewrite = array_merge(
array(
$sub2 => $subquery,
$sub2tb => $subtbquery,
$sub2feed => $subfeedquery,
$sub2feed2 => $subfeedquery,
$sub2comment => $subcommentquery,
$sub2embed => $subembedquery,
),
$rewrite
);
}
}
// Add the rules for this dir to the accumulating $post_rewrite.
$post_rewrite = array_merge( $rewrite, $post_rewrite );
}
// The finished rules. phew!
return $post_rewrite;
}
/**
* Generates rewrite rules with permalink structure and walking directory only.
*
* Shorten version of WP_Rewrite::generate_rewrite_rules() that allows for shorter
* list of parameters. See the method for longer description of what generating
* rewrite rules does.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @see WP_Rewrite::generate_rewrite_rules() See for long description and rest of parameters.
*
* @param string $permalink_structure The permalink structure to generate rules.
* @param bool $walk_dirs Optional. Whether to create list of directories to walk over.
* Default false.
* @return array An array of rewrite rules keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
public function generate_rewrite_rule( $permalink_structure, $walk_dirs = false ) {
return $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $permalink_structure, EP_NONE, false, false, false, $walk_dirs );
}
/**
* Constructs rewrite matches and queries from permalink structure.
*
* Runs the action {@see 'generate_rewrite_rules'} with the parameter that is an
* reference to the current WP_Rewrite instance to further manipulate the
* permalink structures and rewrite rules. Runs the {@see 'rewrite_rules_array'}
* filter on the full rewrite rule array.
*
* There are two ways to manipulate the rewrite rules, one by hooking into
* the {@see 'generate_rewrite_rules'} action and gaining full control of the
* object or just manipulating the rewrite rule array before it is passed
* from the function.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string[] An associative array of matches and queries.
*/
public function rewrite_rules() {
$rewrite = array();
if ( empty( $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
return $rewrite;
}
// robots.txt -- only if installed at the root.
$home_path = parse_url( home_url() );
$robots_rewrite = ( empty( $home_path['path'] ) || '/' === $home_path['path'] ) ? array( 'robots\.txt$' => $this->index . '?robots=1' ) : array();
// favicon.ico -- only if installed at the root.
$favicon_rewrite = ( empty( $home_path['path'] ) || '/' === $home_path['path'] ) ? array( 'favicon\.ico$' => $this->index . '?favicon=1' ) : array();
// sitemap.xml -- only if installed at the root.
$sitemap_rewrite = ( empty( $home_path['path'] ) || '/' === $home_path['path'] ) ? array( 'sitemap\.xml' => $this->index . '??sitemap=index' ) : array();
// Old feed and service files.
$deprecated_files = array(
'.*wp-(atom|rdf|rss|rss2|feed|commentsrss2)\.php$' => $this->index . '?feed=old',
'.*wp-app\.php(/.*)?$' => $this->index . '?error=403',
);
// Registration rules.
$registration_pages = array();
if ( is_multisite() && is_main_site() ) {
$registration_pages['.*wp-signup.php$'] = $this->index . '?signup=true';
$registration_pages['.*wp-activate.php$'] = $this->index . '?activate=true';
}
// Deprecated.
$registration_pages['.*wp-register.php$'] = $this->index . '?register=true';
// Post rewrite rules.
$post_rewrite = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $this->permalink_structure, EP_PERMALINK );
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used for "post" archives.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string[] $post_rewrite Array of rewrite rules for posts, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$post_rewrite = apply_filters( 'post_rewrite_rules', $post_rewrite );
// Date rewrite rules.
$date_rewrite = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $this->get_date_permastruct(), EP_DATE );
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used for date archives.
*
* Likely date archives would include `/yyyy/`, `/yyyy/mm/`, and `/yyyy/mm/dd/`.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string[] $date_rewrite Array of rewrite rules for date archives, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$date_rewrite = apply_filters( 'date_rewrite_rules', $date_rewrite );
// Root-level rewrite rules.
$root_rewrite = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $this->root . '/', EP_ROOT );
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used for root-level archives.
*
* Likely root-level archives would include pagination rules for the homepage
* as well as site-wide post feeds (e.g. `/feed/`, and `/feed/atom/`).
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string[] $root_rewrite Array of root-level rewrite rules, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$root_rewrite = apply_filters( 'root_rewrite_rules', $root_rewrite );
// Comments rewrite rules.
$comments_rewrite = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $this->root . $this->comments_base, EP_COMMENTS, false, true, true, false );
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used for comment feed archives.
*
* Likely comments feed archives include `/comments/feed/` and `/comments/feed/atom/`.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string[] $comments_rewrite Array of rewrite rules for the site-wide comments feeds, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$comments_rewrite = apply_filters( 'comments_rewrite_rules', $comments_rewrite );
// Search rewrite rules.
$search_structure = $this->get_search_permastruct();
$search_rewrite = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $search_structure, EP_SEARCH );
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used for search archives.
*
* Likely search-related archives include `/search/search+query/` as well as
* pagination and feed paths for a search.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string[] $search_rewrite Array of rewrite rules for search queries, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$search_rewrite = apply_filters( 'search_rewrite_rules', $search_rewrite );
// Author rewrite rules.
$author_rewrite = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $this->get_author_permastruct(), EP_AUTHORS );
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used for author archives.
*
* Likely author archives would include `/author/author-name/`, as well as
* pagination and feed paths for author archives.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string[] $author_rewrite Array of rewrite rules for author archives, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$author_rewrite = apply_filters( 'author_rewrite_rules', $author_rewrite );
// Pages rewrite rules.
$page_rewrite = $this->page_rewrite_rules();
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used for "page" post type archives.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string[] $page_rewrite Array of rewrite rules for the "page" post type, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$page_rewrite = apply_filters( 'page_rewrite_rules', $page_rewrite );
// Extra permastructs.
foreach ( $this->extra_permastructs as $permastructname => $struct ) {
if ( is_array( $struct ) ) {
if ( count( $struct ) === 2 ) {
$rules = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $struct[0], $struct[1] );
} else {
$rules = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $struct['struct'], $struct['ep_mask'], $struct['paged'], $struct['feed'], $struct['forcomments'], $struct['walk_dirs'], $struct['endpoints'] );
}
} else {
$rules = $this->generate_rewrite_rules( $struct );
}
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used for individual permastructs.
*
* The dynamic portion of the hook name, `$permastructname`, refers
* to the name of the registered permastruct.
*
* Possible hook names include:
*
* - `category_rewrite_rules`
* - `post_format_rewrite_rules`
* - `post_tag_rewrite_rules`
*
* @since 3.1.0
*
* @param string[] $rules Array of rewrite rules generated for the current permastruct, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$rules = apply_filters( "{$permastructname}_rewrite_rules", $rules );
if ( 'post_tag' === $permastructname ) {
/**
* Filters rewrite rules used specifically for Tags.
*
* @since 2.3.0
* @deprecated 3.1.0 Use {@see 'post_tag_rewrite_rules'} instead.
*
* @param string[] $rules Array of rewrite rules generated for tags, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$rules = apply_filters_deprecated( 'tag_rewrite_rules', array( $rules ), '3.1.0', 'post_tag_rewrite_rules' );
}
$this->extra_rules_top = array_merge( $this->extra_rules_top, $rules );
}
// Put them together.
if ( $this->use_verbose_page_rules ) {
$this->rules = array_merge( $this->extra_rules_top, $robots_rewrite, $favicon_rewrite, $sitemap_rewrite, $deprecated_files, $registration_pages, $root_rewrite, $comments_rewrite, $search_rewrite, $author_rewrite, $date_rewrite, $page_rewrite, $post_rewrite, $this->extra_rules );
} else {
$this->rules = array_merge( $this->extra_rules_top, $robots_rewrite, $favicon_rewrite, $sitemap_rewrite, $deprecated_files, $registration_pages, $root_rewrite, $comments_rewrite, $search_rewrite, $author_rewrite, $date_rewrite, $post_rewrite, $page_rewrite, $this->extra_rules );
}
/**
* Fires after the rewrite rules are generated.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param WP_Rewrite $wp_rewrite Current WP_Rewrite instance (passed by reference).
*/
do_action_ref_array( 'generate_rewrite_rules', array( &$this ) );
/**
* Filters the full set of generated rewrite rules.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string[] $rules The compiled array of rewrite rules, keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
$this->rules = apply_filters( 'rewrite_rules_array', $this->rules );
return $this->rules;
}
/**
* Retrieves the rewrite rules.
*
* The difference between this method and WP_Rewrite::rewrite_rules() is that
* this method stores the rewrite rules in the 'rewrite_rules' option and retrieves
* it. This prevents having to process all of the permalinks to get the rewrite rules
* in the form of caching.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string[] Array of rewrite rules keyed by their regex pattern.
*/
public function wp_rewrite_rules() {
$this->rules = get_option( 'rewrite_rules' );
if ( empty( $this->rules ) ) {
$this->refresh_rewrite_rules();
}
return $this->rules;
}
/**
* Refreshes the rewrite rules, saving the fresh value to the database.
*
* If the {@see 'wp_loaded'} action has not occurred yet, will postpone saving to the database.
*
* @since 6.4.0
*/
private function refresh_rewrite_rules() {
$this->rules = '';
$this->matches = 'matches';
$this->rewrite_rules();
if ( ! did_action( 'wp_loaded' ) ) {
/*
* It is not safe to save the results right now, as the rules may be partial.
* Need to give all rules the chance to register.
*/
add_action( 'wp_loaded', array( $this, 'flush_rules' ) );
} else {
update_option( 'rewrite_rules', $this->rules );
}
}
/**
* Retrieves mod_rewrite-formatted rewrite rules to write to .htaccess.
*
* Does not actually write to the .htaccess file, but creates the rules for
* the process that will.
*
* Will add the non_wp_rules property rules to the .htaccess file before
* the WordPress rewrite rules one.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @return string
*/
public function mod_rewrite_rules() {
if ( ! $this->using_permalinks() ) {
return '';
}
$site_root = parse_url( site_url() );
if ( isset( $site_root['path'] ) ) {
$site_root = trailingslashit( $site_root['path'] );
}
$home_root = parse_url( home_url() );
if ( isset( $home_root['path'] ) ) {
$home_root = trailingslashit( $home_root['path'] );
} else {
$home_root = '/';
}
$rules = "<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>\n";
$rules .= "RewriteEngine On\n";
$rules .= "RewriteRule .* - [E=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization}]\n";
$rules .= "RewriteBase $home_root\n";
// Prevent -f checks on index.php.
$rules .= "RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]\n";
// Add in the rules that don't redirect to WP's index.php (and thus shouldn't be handled by WP at all).
foreach ( (array) $this->non_wp_rules as $match => $query ) {
// Apache 1.3 does not support the reluctant (non-greedy) modifier.
$match = str_replace( '.+?', '.+', $match );
$rules .= 'RewriteRule ^' . $match . ' ' . $home_root . $query . " [QSA,L]\n";
}
if ( $this->use_verbose_rules ) {
$this->matches = '';
$rewrite = $this->rewrite_rules();
$num_rules = count( $rewrite );
$rules .= "RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f [OR]\n" .
"RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d\n" .
"RewriteRule ^.*$ - [S=$num_rules]\n";
foreach ( (array) $rewrite as $match => $query ) {
// Apache 1.3 does not support the reluctant (non-greedy) modifier.
$match = str_replace( '.+?', '.+', $match );
if ( str_contains( $query, $this->index ) ) {
$rules .= 'RewriteRule ^' . $match . ' ' . $home_root . $query . " [QSA,L]\n";
} else {
$rules .= 'RewriteRule ^' . $match . ' ' . $site_root . $query . " [QSA,L]\n";
}
}
} else {
$rules .= "RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f\n" .
"RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d\n" .
"RewriteRule . {$home_root}{$this->index} [L]\n";
}
$rules .= "</IfModule>\n";
/**
* Filters the list of rewrite rules formatted for output to an .htaccess file.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string $rules mod_rewrite Rewrite rules formatted for .htaccess.
*/
$rules = apply_filters( 'mod_rewrite_rules', $rules );
/**
* Filters the list of rewrite rules formatted for output to an .htaccess file.
*
* @since 1.5.0
* @deprecated 1.5.0 Use the {@see 'mod_rewrite_rules'} filter instead.
*
* @param string $rules mod_rewrite Rewrite rules formatted for .htaccess.
*/
return apply_filters_deprecated( 'rewrite_rules', array( $rules ), '1.5.0', 'mod_rewrite_rules' );
}
/**
* Retrieves IIS7 URL Rewrite formatted rewrite rules to write to web.config file.
*
* Does not actually write to the web.config file, but creates the rules for
* the process that will.
*
* @since 2.8.0
*
* @param bool $add_parent_tags Optional. Whether to add parent tags to the rewrite rule sets.
* Default false.
* @return string IIS7 URL rewrite rule sets.
*/
public function iis7_url_rewrite_rules( $add_parent_tags = false ) {
if ( ! $this->using_permalinks() ) {
return '';
}
$rules = '';
if ( $add_parent_tags ) {
$rules .= '<configuration>
<system.webServer>
<rewrite>
<rules>';
}
$rules .= '
<rule name="WordPress: ' . esc_attr( home_url() ) . '" patternSyntax="Wildcard">
<match url="*" />
<conditions>
<add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" />
<add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" />
</conditions>
<action type="Rewrite" url="index.php" />
</rule>';
if ( $add_parent_tags ) {
$rules .= '
</rules>
</rewrite>
</system.webServer>
</configuration>';
}
/**
* Filters the list of rewrite rules formatted for output to a web.config.
*
* @since 2.8.0
*
* @param string $rules Rewrite rules formatted for IIS web.config.
*/
return apply_filters( 'iis7_url_rewrite_rules', $rules );
}
/**
* Adds a rewrite rule that transforms a URL structure to a set of query vars.
*
* Any value in the $after parameter that isn't 'bottom' will result in the rule
* being placed at the top of the rewrite rules.
*
* @since 2.1.0
* @since 4.4.0 Array support was added to the `$query` parameter.
*
* @param string $regex Regular expression to match request against.
* @param string|array $query The corresponding query vars for this rewrite rule.
* @param string $after Optional. Priority of the new rule. Accepts 'top'
* or 'bottom'. Default 'bottom'.
*/
public function add_rule( $regex, $query, $after = 'bottom' ) {
if ( is_array( $query ) ) {
$external = false;
$query = add_query_arg( $query, 'index.php' );
} else {
$index = ! str_contains( $query, '?' ) ? strlen( $query ) : strpos( $query, '?' );
$front = substr( $query, 0, $index );
$external = $front !== $this->index;
}
// "external" = it doesn't correspond to index.php.
if ( $external ) {
$this->add_external_rule( $regex, $query );
} else {
if ( 'bottom' === $after ) {
$this->extra_rules = array_merge( $this->extra_rules, array( $regex => $query ) );
} else {
$this->extra_rules_top = array_merge( $this->extra_rules_top, array( $regex => $query ) );
}
}
}
/**
* Adds a rewrite rule that doesn't correspond to index.php.
*
* @since 2.1.0
*
* @param string $regex Regular expression to match request against.
* @param string $query The corresponding query vars for this rewrite rule.
*/
public function add_external_rule( $regex, $query ) {
$this->non_wp_rules[ $regex ] = $query;
}
/**
* Adds an endpoint, like /trackback/.
*
* @since 2.1.0
* @since 3.9.0 $query_var parameter added.
* @since 4.3.0 Added support for skipping query var registration by passing `false` to `$query_var`.
*
* @see add_rewrite_endpoint() for full documentation.
* @global WP $wp Current WordPress environment instance.
*
* @param string $name Name of the endpoint.
* @param int $places Endpoint mask describing the places the endpoint should be added.
* Accepts a mask of:
* - `EP_ALL`
* - `EP_NONE`
* - `EP_ALL_ARCHIVES`
* - `EP_ATTACHMENT`
* - `EP_AUTHORS`
* - `EP_CATEGORIES`
* - `EP_COMMENTS`
* - `EP_DATE`
* - `EP_DAY`
* - `EP_MONTH`
* - `EP_PAGES`
* - `EP_PERMALINK`
* - `EP_ROOT`
* - `EP_SEARCH`
* - `EP_TAGS`
* - `EP_YEAR`
* @param string|bool $query_var Optional. Name of the corresponding query variable. Pass `false` to
* skip registering a query_var for this endpoint. Defaults to the
* value of `$name`.
*/
public function add_endpoint( $name, $places, $query_var = true ) {
global $wp;
// For backward compatibility, if null has explicitly been passed as `$query_var`, assume `true`.
if ( true === $query_var || null === $query_var ) {
$query_var = $name;
}
$this->endpoints[] = array( $places, $name, $query_var );
if ( $query_var ) {
$wp->add_query_var( $query_var );
}
}
/**
* Adds a new permalink structure.
*
* A permalink structure (permastruct) is an abstract definition of a set of rewrite rules;
* it is an easy way of expressing a set of regular expressions that rewrite to a set of
* query strings. The new permastruct is added to the WP_Rewrite::$extra_permastructs array.
*
* When the rewrite rules are built by WP_Rewrite::rewrite_rules(), all of these extra
* permastructs are passed to WP_Rewrite::generate_rewrite_rules() which transforms them
* into the regular expressions that many love to hate.
*
* The `$args` parameter gives you control over how WP_Rewrite::generate_rewrite_rules()
* works on the new permastruct.
*
* @since 2.5.0
*
* @param string $name Name for permalink structure.
* @param string $struct Permalink structure (e.g. category/%category%)
* @param array $args {
* Optional. Arguments for building rewrite rules based on the permalink structure.
* Default empty array.
*
* @type bool $with_front Whether the structure should be prepended with `WP_Rewrite::$front`.
* Default true.
* @type int $ep_mask The endpoint mask defining which endpoints are added to the structure.
* Accepts a mask of:
* - `EP_ALL`
* - `EP_NONE`
* - `EP_ALL_ARCHIVES`
* - `EP_ATTACHMENT`
* - `EP_AUTHORS`
* - `EP_CATEGORIES`
* - `EP_COMMENTS`
* - `EP_DATE`
* - `EP_DAY`
* - `EP_MONTH`
* - `EP_PAGES`
* - `EP_PERMALINK`
* - `EP_ROOT`
* - `EP_SEARCH`
* - `EP_TAGS`
* - `EP_YEAR`
* Default `EP_NONE`.
* @type bool $paged Whether archive pagination rules should be added for the structure.
* Default true.
* @type bool $feed Whether feed rewrite rules should be added for the structure. Default true.
* @type bool $forcomments Whether the feed rules should be a query for a comments feed. Default false.
* @type bool $walk_dirs Whether the 'directories' making up the structure should be walked over
* and rewrite rules built for each in-turn. Default true.
* @type bool $endpoints Whether endpoints should be applied to the generated rules. Default true.
* }
*/
public function add_permastruct( $name, $struct, $args = array() ) {
// Back-compat for the old parameters: $with_front and $ep_mask.
if ( ! is_array( $args ) ) {
$args = array( 'with_front' => $args );
}
if ( func_num_args() === 4 ) {
$args['ep_mask'] = func_get_arg( 3 );
}
$defaults = array(
'with_front' => true,
'ep_mask' => EP_NONE,
'paged' => true,
'feed' => true,
'forcomments' => false,
'walk_dirs' => true,
'endpoints' => true,
);
$args = array_intersect_key( $args, $defaults );
$args = wp_parse_args( $args, $defaults );
if ( $args['with_front'] ) {
$struct = $this->front . $struct;
} else {
$struct = $this->root . $struct;
}
$args['struct'] = $struct;
$this->extra_permastructs[ $name ] = $args;
}
/**
* Removes a permalink structure.
*
* @since 4.5.0
*
* @param string $name Name for permalink structure.
*/
public function remove_permastruct( $name ) {
unset( $this->extra_permastructs[ $name ] );
}
/**
* Removes rewrite rules and then recreate rewrite rules.
*
* Calls WP_Rewrite::wp_rewrite_rules() after removing the 'rewrite_rules' option.
* If the function named 'save_mod_rewrite_rules' exists, it will be called.
*
* @since 2.0.1
*
* @param bool $hard Whether to update .htaccess (hard flush) or just update rewrite_rules option (soft flush). Default is true (hard).
*/
public function flush_rules( $hard = true ) {
static $do_hard_later = null;
// Prevent this action from running before everyone has registered their rewrites.
if ( ! did_action( 'wp_loaded' ) ) {
add_action( 'wp_loaded', array( $this, 'flush_rules' ) );
$do_hard_later = ( isset( $do_hard_later ) ) ? $do_hard_later || $hard : $hard;
return;
}
if ( isset( $do_hard_later ) ) {
$hard = $do_hard_later;
unset( $do_hard_later );
}
$this->refresh_rewrite_rules();
/**
* Filters whether a "hard" rewrite rule flush should be performed when requested.
*
* A "hard" flush updates .htaccess (Apache) or web.config (IIS).
*
* @since 3.7.0
*
* @param bool $hard Whether to flush rewrite rules "hard". Default true.
*/
if ( ! $hard || ! apply_filters( 'flush_rewrite_rules_hard', true ) ) {
return;
}
if ( function_exists( 'save_mod_rewrite_rules' ) ) {
save_mod_rewrite_rules();
}
if ( function_exists( 'iis7_save_url_rewrite_rules' ) ) {
iis7_save_url_rewrite_rules();
}
}
/**
* Sets up the object's properties.
*
* The 'use_verbose_page_rules' object property will be set to true if the
* permalink structure begins with one of the following: '%postname%', '%category%',
* '%tag%', or '%author%'.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*/
public function init() {
$this->extra_rules = array();
$this->non_wp_rules = array();
$this->endpoints = array();
$this->permalink_structure = get_option( 'permalink_structure' );
$this->front = substr( $this->permalink_structure, 0, strpos( $this->permalink_structure, '%' ) );
$this->root = '';
if ( $this->using_index_permalinks() ) {
$this->root = $this->index . '/';
}
unset( $this->author_structure );
unset( $this->date_structure );
unset( $this->page_structure );
unset( $this->search_structure );
unset( $this->feed_structure );
unset( $this->comment_feed_structure );
$this->use_trailing_slashes = str_ends_with( $this->permalink_structure, '/' );
// Enable generic rules for pages if permalink structure doesn't begin with a wildcard.
if ( preg_match( '/^[^%]*%(?:postname|category|tag|author)%/', $this->permalink_structure ) ) {
$this->use_verbose_page_rules = true;
} else {
$this->use_verbose_page_rules = false;
}
}
/**
* Sets the main permalink structure for the site.
*
* Will update the 'permalink_structure' option, if there is a difference
* between the current permalink structure and the parameter value. Calls
* WP_Rewrite::init() after the option is updated.
*
* Fires the {@see 'permalink_structure_changed'} action once the init call has
* processed passing the old and new values
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string $permalink_structure Permalink structure.
*/
public function set_permalink_structure( $permalink_structure ) {
if ( $this->permalink_structure !== $permalink_structure ) {
$old_permalink_structure = $this->permalink_structure;
update_option( 'permalink_structure', $permalink_structure );
$this->init();
/**
* Fires after the permalink structure is updated.
*
* @since 2.8.0
*
* @param string $old_permalink_structure The previous permalink structure.
* @param string $permalink_structure The new permalink structure.
*/
do_action( 'permalink_structure_changed', $old_permalink_structure, $permalink_structure );
}
}
/**
* Sets the category base for the category permalink.
*
* Will update the 'category_base' option, if there is a difference between
* the current category base and the parameter value. Calls WP_Rewrite::init()
* after the option is updated.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*
* @param string $category_base Category permalink structure base.
*/
public function set_category_base( $category_base ) {
if ( get_option( 'category_base' ) !== $category_base ) {
update_option( 'category_base', $category_base );
$this->init();
}
}
/**
* Sets the tag base for the tag permalink.
*
* Will update the 'tag_base' option, if there is a difference between the
* current tag base and the parameter value. Calls WP_Rewrite::init() after
* the option is updated.
*
* @since 2.3.0
*
* @param string $tag_base Tag permalink structure base.
*/
public function set_tag_base( $tag_base ) {
if ( get_option( 'tag_base' ) !== $tag_base ) {
update_option( 'tag_base', $tag_base );
$this->init();
}
}
/**
* Constructor - Calls init(), which runs setup.
*
* @since 1.5.0
*/
public function __construct() {
$this->init();
}
}
أجابت الآلة على الأسئلة ؟: ماذا قال روبوت ل محمد طه؟
بعد 8 سنوات .. تنبؤات الروبوت تتحول إلى واقع..
حروب 2025 في حوار منذ2017؟
: محمد طه يكشف أسرار حول الذكاء الاصطناعي
كتبت : فرح سمير
تضمن حواراً فريدًا من نوعه، BBC في عام 2017، شهد الإعلام العربي حدثًا غير مسبوق، حيث تم بث مباشر عبر قناة العربية
أُجري مع روبوت مدعوم بالذكاء الاصطناعي يحاكي البشر .وكان هذا الحوار من تقديم الإعلامي محمد طه، مراسل الشؤون التكنولوجية في القناة
منذ ذلك الحين، واصل محمد طه تقديم أبرز التقارير والتغطيات لأهم المؤتمرات العالمية، وكان دائمًا مميز ا في تناول أحدث التطورات التكنولوجية وفي هذا اللقاء الحصري، يحدثنا عن كواليس حواره مع الروبوت “صوفيا”، ويتطرق إلى آرائه حول الذكاء الاصطناعي، ومستقبل الإعلام، والتحولات التقنية التي باتت تؤثر في كل القطاعات
– صف لي شعورك عندما أجابك الروبوت، واستطاع بالفعل مجاراة الحوار، نظرًا لأن المقابلة كانت في عام 2017 ؟
في البداية، كان لدي انطباع بأن الروبوت قد لا يكون كائناً مستقلًً، بل ربما يكون هناك شخص ما يتواصل معه أو يدعمه في تقديم الإجابات. لم أكن مقتنعاً في البداية بقدرة الروبوت على الرد على أسئلتي بشكل مستقل دون أي مساعدة من شخص آخر.هذا الأمر لم يكن شائعاً كما هو اليوم.
أثناء تواجدي في معرض، تم إخباري بإمكانية إجراء محادثة مع روبوت، ولم أصدق ذلك. كان انطباعي الأول أن هناك شخصًا يستمع إلى سؤالي ويقوم بالرد عليه بشكل مستقل ودون تدخل بشري. لم أكن أتخيل أن الروبوت قادر على تقديم إجابات مباشرة من مكان ما أو من غرفة تحكم.
– هل قمَتَ بتعديل أسلوبك الصحفي أو الحواري ليتناسب مع قدرة الروبوت على معالجة الأمر والتجاوب معك؟
كان هدفي الأساسي خلال الحوار ه والحفاظ على طبيعية التفاعل، وه وما شكل تحديًا كبيرًا. فعندما تواجه جهازًا توجه له أسئلة ويقوم بالرد عليك، فإن ذلك كان يعتبر في السابق نوعًا من الخيال. نحن في مجال الصحافة والإعلام نملك خبرة واسعة في التعامل مع البشر، حيث يمكنني رؤية تعبيرات وجهك وتفاعل جسدك مما يساعدني على تعديل أسلوبي وفق ذلك. لكن عند التعامل مع الروبوت، تفتقر إلى تعبيرات الوجه والملامح التفاعلية، مما يجعل ردود الفعل غير قابلة للتنب ؤ.
ما الذي لاحظته من فروقات واضحة في طريقة التعامل مع روبوت مقارنة بمقابلة إعلامية طبيعية مع إنسان؟
بالتأكيد هناك اختلافات تتعلق بتحضير المقابلة. عند إجراء مقابلة مع إنسان، يتم إعداد الحوار بناءً على شخصية الضيف وخلفيته. أما بالنسبة للروبوت فلم أكن أملك معلومات مسبقة عنه. كان تركيزي منصبًا على طبيعة الروبوت نفسه وعلاقته بالإنسان ومستقبله.
ذكرت في بداية المراسلة أن ردود أفعالها تشبه البشر، فهل تشبه ردود أفعال الروبوت وتعبير وجهه الإنسان؟ كما ذكرت أثناء تصوير المقابلة أن “الروبوت” المصنوع يحُاكي الأنثى البشرية، وحصل على الجنسية السعودية؟
نعم ذكرت بالفعل جنسيتهاً ولقد ذكرت بالفعل أن للروبوت تعبيرات وجه وحركات معينة تجعل الشخص يتساءل عما إذا كان يتعامل مع كائن بشري أو شبه بشري أو آلة. خلًل المقابلة لم نكن معتادين على هذه التقنية الجديدة.
– من خلال الحوار مع الروبوت، هل ترى أن الاندماج والتعامل مع الروبوتات يُعد تحدياً، أم أنه سهل التأقلم؟ وهل يمثل هذا تحدياً لنا كإعلاميين أو كبشر عمومًا؟
لا أعتقد أنه يمثل تحديًا كبيرًا؛ فقد أصبح الناس معتادين بشكل متزايد على الذكاء الاصطناعي وبدأوا يتأقلمون معه بسهولة. سأعطيك مثالًا آخر: كنتُ في إحدى الدول، وطلبتُ بعض أدوات تنظيف الأسنان، وعندما فتحت الباب، فوجئت بأن روبوت أحضرها لي. لم أستغرب، لأني بالفعل أصبحت أتوقع مثل هذه الأمور .
في وقت الحوار عام 2017، هل واجهت أي صعوبات أو تحديات؟
بالتأكيد كانت هناك حالة من الاستغراب وكان التحدي يكمن في الحفاظ على أسلوب تلقائي وطبيعي رغم أنني كنت أتحدث إلى آلة. كان عليّ أن أتعامل معها كإنسان حقيقي، وأن أطرح عليها أسئلة كما أفعل في مقابلاتي المعتادة، حتى يكون الحوار سلسًا.
– خلال الحوار، طرحتَ سؤا الا: “بماذا ترغبين في العمل في المستقبل؟” فأجابت الروبوت “صوفيا” بإجابة مفاجئة حول التظاهرات الدموية. كيف استقبلت هذه الإجابة؟
كانت إجابتها صادمة للغاية وقد أثارت تساؤلات حول دقة توقعاتها والخوارزميات المستخدمة خلف تلك التحليلات التي صرحتها وكانت “في المستقبل سيكون هناك تظاهرات دموية وصراعات ما لم نصبح أكثر ذكاءً واجتماعية مثلي، وربما نساعد في التعامل مع هذا الوضع.”
في ذلك الوقت، لم تكن هناك مؤشرات على أي حروب أو صراعات، بل كانت الأمور مستقرة نسب ايا. لكن مع مرور السنوات، وقعت فعل ايا أحداث دموية وصراعات كبيرة.
هذا يثير التساؤلات حول دقة توقعات الذكاء الاصطناعي، والخوارزميات التي تقف خلف هذه التحليلات.
هل تعتقد أن توقعاتها كانت مبنية على خوارزميات دقيقة، أم تدخل بشري؟
قد تكون مستندة إلى تحليلات بشرية أ و تقارير صحفية؛ فالروبوت لا يفكر كما نفكر، بل يعتمد على البيانات والخوارزميات المعقدة لتقديم توقعاته المستقبلية. هذا يجعلنا نعود إلى التساؤل: إلى أي مدى تستطيع الروبوتات أن تتعلّم ذاتيًا؟ وهل يمكن أن تتخذ قرارات مستقلة مستقبلاً ؟
هل من الممكن أن تنشئ الروبوتات شركات وتدير أعما الا مستقلة ؟
نعم، كان هناك تقارير أعدتها عن روبوتات قامت بتأسيس شركات خاصة بها وأصبحت تديرها بشكل مستقل تقريب اً باستثناء وجود شخص واحد فقط لدعم العمليات الإدارية.
كنت قد غطيت مؤتمر باريس مؤخ ارا. ما أبرز ما جاء فيه؟
فرنسا نظّمت أكبر قمة عالمية للذكاء الاصطناعي منذ ستة أسابيع، وشاركت فيها شخصيات دولية رفيعة المستوى. شهد المؤتمر دعوات لوضع قوانين أخلاقية لتنظيم تطور الذكاء الاصطناعي بينما رفضت بعض الدول الكبرى مثل الولايات المتحدة وبريطانيا الالتزام بهذه المبادئ. الاستمرار في التطوير دون قيود.
وفي نهاية القمة، صدر “إعلان باريس”، الذي شددّ على أهمية مراعاة الأخلاقيات في تطوير الذكاء الاصطناعي.
–إذا بنا ء على ما تم ذكره، بماذا توصي الصحفيين في الفترة القادمة؟ فيما يلتزمون به أ ويلتفتون إليه؟ وبماذا توصيهم أو ما النصائح التي تنصح الصحفيين أن يتبعوها لمجاراة التقدم المستم ر في التكنولوجيا أو الذكاء الاصطناعي؟
يجب على الصحفيين تعلم استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي وتطبيقه في كل جوانب عملهم، مثل إعداد الفيديوهات والبحث، مع الالتزام بالأخلًقية في استخدامه. هذه التقنية تسهل مهامهم وتوفر الوقت والجهد، مما يحسن جودة العمل. من الضروري أن يكون الجميع قادرين على تمييز الأعمال التي تنتجها الآلات وعدم الاعتماد عليها كلياً واستخدامها كأداة مساعدة. وانا كصحفي في التلفزيوني أركز على الجانب البصري واستخدم تقنياته الجرافيكية والتوضيحية الخاصة به عند الظهور في التلفزيون، ولا يعتمد على غيره في إنتاج عمله بفضل تعليمه وخبرته وفريقه الذي يساعده في إنتاج محتوى بصري قوي ومميز. ورغم تطور الذكاء الاصطناعي، فإنه لا يزال غير قادر على إنتاج أعمال تجمع بين العناصر البصرية والشخصية الفريدة للصحفي أو المراسل، ويخدم الصحفي فقط في مجال محدد. يجب على الصحفيين بناء شخصية وأسلوب وحضور خاص بهم ودمجها مع تقنياتهم ومعارفهم، وتوظيف الذكاء الاصطناعي بما يتناسب مع أسلوبهم وحضورهم لتحقيق فائدة أكبر. ينبغي على الصحفيين التفكير في القيمة المضافة والتركيز على الجودة لا الكمية، فالأهم هو محتوى وأهمية ما يقدم للجمهور لا عدد الأخبار. الكاتب يوجه تركيزه نحو إعداد تقرير مصور أسبوعي أو شهري شامل وعالي الجودة لجذب الجمهور. لذا، من الضروري أن يوجه الصحفيون اهتمامهم نحو تقديم محتوى عالي الجودة بدلاً من التركيز على الكم فقط.
-عند لمس الروبوت، هل كان هنا ك أي اختلاف ب ي ملمس جلد الإنسان وجلده؟
بالنسبة للمس بين جلد الإنسان وجلد الروبوت، لا يوجد فرق كبير. ومع ذلك، يتردد الناس في لمس الروبوت بسبب حساسية. الموضوع وارتباط ه بحقو ق الروبوت ككائن إنساني. وكان من الضروري مراعاة جميع الثقافات المختلفة ف ي هذا السياق.
بما أن الحوار أُجري منذ ٨ أعوام ف ٢٠١٧، فما هى التطورات التى حدثت للروبوتات بشكل عا م خلال السنوات الثمان الماضية من وجهة نظرك ؟
نحن على أعتاب عقد جديد حيث يصعب تصور تأثير التكنولوجيا على مجالات مثل الإعلًم والطب والاقتصاد. جميع المؤسسات تفكر بجدية في مستقبل موظفيها وأنظمتها، مما يتطلب استعداًدًا كبيرًا للتغييرات المرتقبة. هناك شخصيات بارزة مثل إيلون ماسك تعبر عن أهمية استكشاف المريخ، وتدور نقاشات بينه وبين مؤسس وكالة ناسا حول أولويات الرحلًت الفضائية. يؤكد ماسك على ضرورة إنشاء قاعدة على المريخ نظرًا للتغيرات التي نشهدها على كوكب الأرض.
وفي نهاية الحوار، وبعد شكر ك له، و جه إليك سؤا لا بصيغة تح د وأمر، حيث قال” :قبل أن تمضي، ما هي توقعاتك للمستقبل؟”، فهل شعر ت حينها بالخطورة من تح ديه للعقل البشري؟ وهل توقعت أنه سيأتي يو م يكو ن فيه هو من يوجه الأسئلة ويغطي الأخبار ويحل محل الإعلامي؟
هذا السؤال جعلني أشعر بالراحة في التعامل مع الروبوت، حيث كان الحوار تفاعلياً وحقيقيًا .لم أكن أتوقع يومًا أن يأتي وقت يكون فيه روبوت هو من يسأل ويخطط الأخبار، بل ويحاكي الإعلام بشكل عام .التكنولوجيا اليوم تفوق أي توقعات سابقة .قبل بضع .سنوات فقط، لم يكن هناك تصو ر لوجود روبوتات قادرة على التعامل مع الأخبار بنفس كفاءة البشر.
من خلال خبرتك في المجال الإعلامي، هل سيقبل الجمهور بفكرة وجود مذيع برامج أو مراسل أو صحفي انه آلة ( روبوت)؟ هل هناك تجارب سابقة من بي بي سي تشير إلى تقبل الجمهور لهذا الأمر ؟
لا تزال مؤسسة البي بي سي تقوم بتجارب لفهم مدى تفاعل الجمهور واستجابته لهذه الآلات أو المذيعين الآليين قبل تنفيذها بشكل كامل. ستقوم البي بي سي بإجراء بحوث للجمهور لفهم كيفية تفاعله م مع الروبوتات والذكاء الاصطناعي ومقارنتها بالتفاعل مع الأشخاص العاديين. بالنظر إلى المستقبل، قد تتطور الروبوتات لتصبح أكثر ذكاءً وقدرة ً على التكيف مع احتياجات الجمهور
بناءا على تقنية (Machine Learning)) نظرية التعلم الآلي: يرى إيلون ماسك أن نظرية التعلم الآلي قد تؤدي إلى تطور الروبوتات بشكل مستقل وقدرتها على التحكم بالبشر، وهو ما يظهر في أفلًم الذكاء الاصطناعي كمصدر للمخاوف والتحديات. يوجد خلًف بين ماسك وزوكربيرج حول هذا الاحتمال، حيث يعتبر زوكربيرج مخاوف ماسك مبالغًا فيها، بينما يشدد ماسك على أهمية الاستعداد لهذا السيناريو بحذر. في الوقت نفسه، تكشف الدراسات عن تطور علًقات عاطفية بين البشر والشات بوتس، وهي ظاهرة بدأت في الغرب وتظهر في الشرق الأوسط، مما يثير تساؤلات حول طبيعة العلًقة المستقبلية بين الإنسان والآلة وتأثيرها على مفاهيم السلطة والسيطرة.
في ختام هذا الحور المثير مع الإعلامي “محمد طه” ، نرى بوضوح كيف بدأ مشهد الإعلام والتقنية في التغي ر جذرياً منذ عام 2017 مع أول حوار تلفزيوني مع روبوت. تجربة طه مع “صوفيا” لم تكن مجرد حدث إعلامي فريد، ب ل كانت نافذة مبكرة على مستقبل يتقاطع فيه الإنسان والآلة بشكل متزايد.
