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<div class='alert alert-info'><strong>/home/tahkoom/public_html/wp-includes/sodium_compat/src/Crypto.php</strong></div><pre class='file-content'>&lt;?php

if (class_exists('ParagonIE_Sodium_Crypto', false)) {
    return;
}

/**
 * Class ParagonIE_Sodium_Crypto
 *
 * ATTENTION!
 *
 * If you are using this library, you should be using
 * ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat in your code, not this class.
 */
abstract class ParagonIE_Sodium_Crypto
{
    const aead_chacha20poly1305_KEYBYTES = 32;
    const aead_chacha20poly1305_NSECBYTES = 0;
    const aead_chacha20poly1305_NPUBBYTES = 8;
    const aead_chacha20poly1305_ABYTES = 16;

    const aead_chacha20poly1305_IETF_KEYBYTES = 32;
    const aead_chacha20poly1305_IETF_NSECBYTES = 0;
    const aead_chacha20poly1305_IETF_NPUBBYTES = 12;
    const aead_chacha20poly1305_IETF_ABYTES = 16;

    const aead_xchacha20poly1305_IETF_KEYBYTES = 32;
    const aead_xchacha20poly1305_IETF_NSECBYTES = 0;
    const aead_xchacha20poly1305_IETF_NPUBBYTES = 24;
    const aead_xchacha20poly1305_IETF_ABYTES = 16;

    const box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_SEEDBYTES = 32;
    const box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_PUBLICKEYBYTES = 32;
    const box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_SECRETKEYBYTES = 32;
    const box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_BEFORENMBYTES = 32;
    const box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_NONCEBYTES = 24;
    const box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_MACBYTES = 16;
    const box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_BOXZEROBYTES = 16;
    const box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES = 32;

    const onetimeauth_poly1305_BYTES = 16;
    const onetimeauth_poly1305_KEYBYTES = 32;

    const secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_KEYBYTES = 32;
    const secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_NONCEBYTES = 24;
    const secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_MACBYTES = 16;
    const secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_BOXZEROBYTES = 16;
    const secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES = 32;

    const secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_KEYBYTES = 32;
    const secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_NONCEBYTES = 24;
    const secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_MACBYTES = 16;
    const secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_BOXZEROBYTES = 16;
    const secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES = 32;

    const stream_salsa20_KEYBYTES = 32;

    /**
     * AEAD Decryption with ChaCha20-Poly1305
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $ad
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function aead_chacha20poly1305_decrypt(
        $message = '',
        $ad = '',
        $nonce = '',
        $key = ''
    ) {
        /** @var int $len - Length of message (ciphertext + MAC) */
        $len = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($message);

        /** @var int  $clen - Length of ciphertext */
        $clen = $len - self::aead_chacha20poly1305_ABYTES;

        /** @var int $adlen - Length of associated data */
        $adlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($ad);

        /** @var string $mac - Message authentication code */
        $mac = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $message,
            $clen,
            self::aead_chacha20poly1305_ABYTES
        );

        /** @var string $ciphertext - The encrypted message (sans MAC) */
        $ciphertext = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($message, 0, $clen);

        /** @var string The first block of the chacha20 keystream, used as a poly1305 key */
        $block0 = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::stream(
            32,
            $nonce,
            $key
        );

        /* Recalculate the Poly1305 authentication tag (MAC): */
        $state = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305_State($block0);
        try {
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($block0);
        } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
            $block0 = null;
        }
        $state-&gt;update($ad);
        $state-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($adlen));
        $state-&gt;update($ciphertext);
        $state-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($clen));
        $computed_mac = $state-&gt;finish();

        /* Compare the given MAC with the recalculated MAC: */
        if (!ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::verify_16($computed_mac, $mac)) {
            throw new SodiumException('Invalid MAC');
        }

        // Here, we know that the MAC is valid, so we decrypt and return the plaintext
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::streamXorIc(
            $ciphertext,
            $nonce,
            $key,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(1)
        );
    }

    /**
     * AEAD Encryption with ChaCha20-Poly1305
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $ad
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function aead_chacha20poly1305_encrypt(
        $message = '',
        $ad = '',
        $nonce = '',
        $key = ''
    ) {
        /** @var int $len - Length of the plaintext message */
        $len = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($message);

        /** @var int $adlen - Length of the associated data */
        $adlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($ad);

        /** @var string The first block of the chacha20 keystream, used as a poly1305 key */
        $block0 = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::stream(
            32,
            $nonce,
            $key
        );
        $state = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305_State($block0);
        try {
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($block0);
        } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
            $block0 = null;
        }

        /** @var string $ciphertext - Raw encrypted data */
        $ciphertext = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::streamXorIc(
            $message,
            $nonce,
            $key,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(1)
        );

        $state-&gt;update($ad);
        $state-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($adlen));
        $state-&gt;update($ciphertext);
        $state-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($len));
        return $ciphertext . $state-&gt;finish();
    }

    /**
     * AEAD Decryption with ChaCha20-Poly1305, IETF mode (96-bit nonce)
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $ad
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function aead_chacha20poly1305_ietf_decrypt(
        $message = '',
        $ad = '',
        $nonce = '',
        $key = ''
    ) {
        /** @var int $adlen - Length of associated data */
        $adlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($ad);

        /** @var int $len - Length of message (ciphertext + MAC) */
        $len = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($message);

        /** @var int  $clen - Length of ciphertext */
        $clen = $len - self::aead_chacha20poly1305_IETF_ABYTES;

        /** @var string The first block of the chacha20 keystream, used as a poly1305 key */
        $block0 = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStream(
            32,
            $nonce,
            $key
        );

        /** @var string $mac - Message authentication code */
        $mac = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $message,
            $len - self::aead_chacha20poly1305_IETF_ABYTES,
            self::aead_chacha20poly1305_IETF_ABYTES
        );

        /** @var string $ciphertext - The encrypted message (sans MAC) */
        $ciphertext = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $message,
            0,
            $len - self::aead_chacha20poly1305_IETF_ABYTES
        );

        /* Recalculate the Poly1305 authentication tag (MAC): */
        $state = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305_State($block0);
        try {
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($block0);
        } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
            $block0 = null;
        }
        $state-&gt;update($ad);
        $state-&gt;update(str_repeat(&quot;\x00&quot;, ((0x10 - $adlen) &amp; 0xf)));
        $state-&gt;update($ciphertext);
        $state-&gt;update(str_repeat(&quot;\x00&quot;, (0x10 - $clen) &amp; 0xf));
        $state-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($adlen));
        $state-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($clen));
        $computed_mac = $state-&gt;finish();

        /* Compare the given MAC with the recalculated MAC: */
        if (!ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::verify_16($computed_mac, $mac)) {
            throw new SodiumException('Invalid MAC');
        }

        // Here, we know that the MAC is valid, so we decrypt and return the plaintext
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStreamXorIc(
            $ciphertext,
            $nonce,
            $key,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(1)
        );
    }

    /**
     * AEAD Encryption with ChaCha20-Poly1305, IETF mode (96-bit nonce)
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $ad
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function aead_chacha20poly1305_ietf_encrypt(
        $message = '',
        $ad = '',
        $nonce = '',
        $key = ''
    ) {
        /** @var int $len - Length of the plaintext message */
        $len = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($message);

        /** @var int $adlen - Length of the associated data */
        $adlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($ad);

        /** @var string The first block of the chacha20 keystream, used as a poly1305 key */
        $block0 = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStream(
            32,
            $nonce,
            $key
        );
        $state = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305_State($block0);
        try {
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($block0);
        } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
            $block0 = null;
        }

        /** @var string $ciphertext - Raw encrypted data */
        $ciphertext = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStreamXorIc(
            $message,
            $nonce,
            $key,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(1)
        );

        $state-&gt;update($ad);
        $state-&gt;update(str_repeat(&quot;\x00&quot;, ((0x10 - $adlen) &amp; 0xf)));
        $state-&gt;update($ciphertext);
        $state-&gt;update(str_repeat(&quot;\x00&quot;, ((0x10 - $len) &amp; 0xf)));
        $state-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($adlen));
        $state-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($len));
        return $ciphertext . $state-&gt;finish();
    }

    /**
     * AEAD Decryption with ChaCha20-Poly1305, IETF mode (96-bit nonce)
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $ad
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function aead_xchacha20poly1305_ietf_decrypt(
        $message = '',
        $ad = '',
        $nonce = '',
        $key = ''
    ) {
        $subkey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HChaCha20::hChaCha20(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 0, 16),
            $key
        );
        $nonceLast = &quot;\x00\x00\x00\x00&quot; .
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8);

        return self::aead_chacha20poly1305_ietf_decrypt($message, $ad, $nonceLast, $subkey);
    }

    /**
     * AEAD Encryption with ChaCha20-Poly1305, IETF mode (96-bit nonce)
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $ad
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function aead_xchacha20poly1305_ietf_encrypt(
        $message = '',
        $ad = '',
        $nonce = '',
        $key = ''
    ) {
        $subkey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HChaCha20::hChaCha20(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 0, 16),
            $key
        );
        $nonceLast = &quot;\x00\x00\x00\x00&quot; .
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8);

        return self::aead_chacha20poly1305_ietf_encrypt($message, $ad, $nonceLast, $subkey);
    }

    /**
     * HMAC-SHA-512-256 (a.k.a. the leftmost 256 bits of HMAC-SHA-512)
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function auth($message, $key)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            hash_hmac('sha512', $message, $key, true),
            0,
            32
        );
    }

    /**
     * HMAC-SHA-512-256 validation. Constant-time via hash_equals().
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $mac
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $key
     * @return bool
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function auth_verify($mac, $message, $key)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::hashEquals(
            $mac,
            self::auth($message, $key)
        );
    }

    /**
     * X25519 key exchange followed by XSalsa20Poly1305 symmetric encryption
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $plaintext
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $keypair
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box($plaintext, $nonce, $keypair)
    {
        $c = self::secretbox(
            $plaintext,
            $nonce,
            self::box_beforenm(
                self::box_secretkey($keypair),
                self::box_publickey($keypair)
            )
        );
        return $c;
    }

    /**
     * X25519-XSalsa20-Poly1305 with one ephemeral X25519 keypair.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $publicKey
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_seal($message, $publicKey)
    {
        /** @var string $ephemeralKeypair */
        $ephemeralKeypair = self::box_keypair();

        /** @var string $ephemeralSK */
        $ephemeralSK = self::box_secretkey($ephemeralKeypair);

        /** @var string $ephemeralPK */
        $ephemeralPK = self::box_publickey($ephemeralKeypair);

        /** @var string $nonce */
        $nonce = self::generichash(
            $ephemeralPK . $publicKey,
            '',
            24
        );

        /** @var string $keypair - The combined keypair used in crypto_box() */
        $keypair = self::box_keypair_from_secretkey_and_publickey($ephemeralSK, $publicKey);

        /** @var string $ciphertext Ciphertext + MAC from crypto_box */
        $ciphertext = self::box($message, $nonce, $keypair);
        try {
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($ephemeralKeypair);
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($ephemeralSK);
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($nonce);
        } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
            $ephemeralKeypair = null;
            $ephemeralSK = null;
            $nonce = null;
        }
        return $ephemeralPK . $ciphertext;
    }

    /**
     * Opens a message encrypted via box_seal().
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $keypair
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_seal_open($message, $keypair)
    {
        /** @var string $ephemeralPK */
        $ephemeralPK = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($message, 0, 32);

        /** @var string $ciphertext (ciphertext + MAC) */
        $ciphertext = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($message, 32);

        /** @var string $secretKey */
        $secretKey = self::box_secretkey($keypair);

        /** @var string $publicKey */
        $publicKey = self::box_publickey($keypair);

        /** @var string $nonce */
        $nonce = self::generichash(
            $ephemeralPK . $publicKey,
            '',
            24
        );

        /** @var string $keypair */
        $keypair = self::box_keypair_from_secretkey_and_publickey($secretKey, $ephemeralPK);

        /** @var string $m */
        $m = self::box_open($ciphertext, $nonce, $keypair);
        try {
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($secretKey);
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($ephemeralPK);
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($nonce);
        } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
            $secretKey = null;
            $ephemeralPK = null;
            $nonce = null;
        }
        return $m;
    }

    /**
     * Used by crypto_box() to get the crypto_secretbox() key.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $sk
     * @param string $pk
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_beforenm($sk, $pk)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HSalsa20::hsalsa20(
            str_repeat(&quot;\x00&quot;, 16),
            self::scalarmult($sk, $pk)
        );
    }

    /**
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @return string
     * @throws Exception
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_keypair()
    {
        $sKey = random_bytes(32);
        $pKey = self::scalarmult_base($sKey);
        return $sKey . $pKey;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $seed
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_seed_keypair($seed)
    {
        $sKey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            hash('sha512', $seed, true),
            0,
            32
        );
        $pKey = self::scalarmult_base($sKey);
        return $sKey . $pKey;
    }

    /**
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $sKey
     * @param string $pKey
     * @return string
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_keypair_from_secretkey_and_publickey($sKey, $pKey)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($sKey, 0, 32) .
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($pKey, 0, 32);
    }

    /**
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $keypair
     * @return string
     * @throws RangeException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_secretkey($keypair)
    {
        if (ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($keypair) !== 64) {
            throw new RangeException(
                'Must be ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::CRYPTO_BOX_KEYPAIRBYTES bytes long.'
            );
        }
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($keypair, 0, 32);
    }

    /**
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $keypair
     * @return string
     * @throws RangeException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_publickey($keypair)
    {
        if (ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($keypair) !== ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::CRYPTO_BOX_KEYPAIRBYTES) {
            throw new RangeException(
                'Must be ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::CRYPTO_BOX_KEYPAIRBYTES bytes long.'
            );
        }
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($keypair, 32, 32);
    }

    /**
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $sKey
     * @return string
     * @throws RangeException
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_publickey_from_secretkey($sKey)
    {
        if (ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($sKey) !== ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::CRYPTO_BOX_SECRETKEYBYTES) {
            throw new RangeException(
                'Must be ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::CRYPTO_BOX_SECRETKEYBYTES bytes long.'
            );
        }
        return self::scalarmult_base($sKey);
    }

    /**
     * Decrypt a message encrypted with box().
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $ciphertext
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $keypair
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function box_open($ciphertext, $nonce, $keypair)
    {
        return self::secretbox_open(
            $ciphertext,
            $nonce,
            self::box_beforenm(
                self::box_secretkey($keypair),
                self::box_publickey($keypair)
            )
        );
    }

    /**
     * Calculate a BLAKE2b hash.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string|null $key
     * @param int $outlen
     * @return string
     * @throws RangeException
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function generichash($message, $key = '', $outlen = 32)
    {
        // This ensures that ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::$iv is initialized
        ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::pseudoConstructor();

        $k = null;
        if (!empty($key)) {
            /** @var SplFixedArray $k */
            $k = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToSplFixedArray($key);
            if ($k-&gt;count() &gt; ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::KEYBYTES) {
                throw new RangeException('Invalid key size');
            }
        }

        /** @var SplFixedArray $in */
        $in = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToSplFixedArray($message);

        /** @var SplFixedArray $ctx */
        $ctx = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::init($k, $outlen);
        ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::update($ctx, $in, $in-&gt;count());

        /** @var SplFixedArray $out */
        $out = new SplFixedArray($outlen);
        $out = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::finish($ctx, $out);

        /** @var array&lt;int, int&gt; */
        $outArray = $out-&gt;toArray();
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::intArrayToString($outArray);
    }

    /**
     * Finalize a BLAKE2b hashing context, returning the hash.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $ctx
     * @param int $outlen
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function generichash_final($ctx, $outlen = 32)
    {
        if (!is_string($ctx)) {
            throw new TypeError('Context must be a string');
        }
        $out = new SplFixedArray($outlen);

        /** @var SplFixedArray $context */
        $context = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToContext($ctx);

        /** @var SplFixedArray $out */
        $out = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::finish($context, $out);

        /** @var array&lt;int, int&gt; */
        $outArray = $out-&gt;toArray();
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::intArrayToString($outArray);
    }

    /**
     * Initialize a hashing context for BLAKE2b.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $key
     * @param int $outputLength
     * @return string
     * @throws RangeException
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function generichash_init($key = '', $outputLength = 32)
    {
        // This ensures that ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::$iv is initialized
        ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::pseudoConstructor();

        $k = null;
        if (!empty($key)) {
            $k = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToSplFixedArray($key);
            if ($k-&gt;count() &gt; ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::KEYBYTES) {
                throw new RangeException('Invalid key size');
            }
        }

        /** @var SplFixedArray $ctx */
        $ctx = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::init($k, $outputLength);

        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::contextToString($ctx);
    }

    /**
     * Initialize a hashing context for BLAKE2b.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $key
     * @param int $outputLength
     * @param string $salt
     * @param string $personal
     * @return string
     * @throws RangeException
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function generichash_init_salt_personal(
        $key = '',
        $outputLength = 32,
        $salt = '',
        $personal = ''
    ) {
        // This ensures that ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::$iv is initialized
        ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::pseudoConstructor();

        $k = null;
        if (!empty($key)) {
            $k = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToSplFixedArray($key);
            if ($k-&gt;count() &gt; ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::KEYBYTES) {
                throw new RangeException('Invalid key size');
            }
        }
        if (!empty($salt)) {
            $s = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToSplFixedArray($salt);
        } else {
            $s = null;
        }
        if (!empty($salt)) {
            $p = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToSplFixedArray($personal);
        } else {
            $p = null;
        }

        /** @var SplFixedArray $ctx */
        $ctx = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::init($k, $outputLength, $s, $p);

        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::contextToString($ctx);
    }

    /**
     * Update a hashing context for BLAKE2b with $message
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $ctx
     * @param string $message
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function generichash_update($ctx, $message)
    {
        // This ensures that ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::$iv is initialized
        ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::pseudoConstructor();

        /** @var SplFixedArray $context */
        $context = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToContext($ctx);

        /** @var SplFixedArray $in */
        $in = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::stringToSplFixedArray($message);

        ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::update($context, $in, $in-&gt;count());

        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_BLAKE2b::contextToString($context);
    }

    /**
     * Libsodium's crypto_kx().
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $my_sk
     * @param string $their_pk
     * @param string $client_pk
     * @param string $server_pk
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function keyExchange($my_sk, $their_pk, $client_pk, $server_pk)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::crypto_generichash(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::crypto_scalarmult($my_sk, $their_pk) .
            $client_pk .
            $server_pk
        );
    }

    /**
     * ECDH over Curve25519
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $sKey
     * @param string $pKey
     * @return string
     *
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function scalarmult($sKey, $pKey)
    {
        $q = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_X25519::crypto_scalarmult_curve25519_ref10($sKey, $pKey);
        self::scalarmult_throw_if_zero($q);
        return $q;
    }

    /**
     * ECDH over Curve25519, using the basepoint.
     * Used to get a secret key from a public key.
     *
     * @param string $secret
     * @return string
     *
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function scalarmult_base($secret)
    {
        $q = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_X25519::crypto_scalarmult_curve25519_ref10_base($secret);
        self::scalarmult_throw_if_zero($q);
        return $q;
    }

    /**
     * This throws an Error if a zero public key was passed to the function.
     *
     * @param string $q
     * @return void
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    protected static function scalarmult_throw_if_zero($q)
    {
        $d = 0;
        for ($i = 0; $i &lt; self::box_curve25519xsalsa20poly1305_SECRETKEYBYTES; ++$i) {
            $d |= ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::chrToInt($q[$i]);
        }

        /* branch-free variant of === 0 */
        if (-(1 &amp; (($d - 1) &gt;&gt; 8))) {
            throw new SodiumException('Zero public key is not allowed');
        }
    }

    /**
     * XSalsa20-Poly1305 authenticated symmetric-key encryption.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $plaintext
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function secretbox($plaintext, $nonce, $key)
    {
        /** @var string $subkey */
        $subkey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HSalsa20::hsalsa20($nonce, $key);

        /** @var string $block0 */
        $block0 = str_repeat(&quot;\x00&quot;, 32);

        /** @var int $mlen - Length of the plaintext message */
        $mlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($plaintext);
        $mlen0 = $mlen;
        if ($mlen0 &gt; 64 - self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES) {
            $mlen0 = 64 - self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES;
        }
        $block0 .= ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($plaintext, 0, $mlen0);

        /** @var string $block0 */
        $block0 = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Salsa20::salsa20_xor(
            $block0,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8),
            $subkey
        );

        /** @var string $c */
        $c = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $block0,
            self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES
        );
        if ($mlen &gt; $mlen0) {
            $c .= ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Salsa20::salsa20_xor_ic(
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
                    $plaintext,
                    self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES
                ),
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8),
                1,
                $subkey
            );
        }
        $state = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305_State(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
                $block0,
                0,
                self::onetimeauth_poly1305_KEYBYTES
            )
        );
        try {
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($block0);
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($subkey);
        } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
            $block0 = null;
            $subkey = null;
        }

        $state-&gt;update($c);

        /** @var string $c - MAC || ciphertext */
        $c = $state-&gt;finish() . $c;
        unset($state);

        return $c;
    }

    /**
     * Decrypt a ciphertext generated via secretbox().
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $ciphertext
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function secretbox_open($ciphertext, $nonce, $key)
    {
        /** @var string $mac */
        $mac = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $ciphertext,
            0,
            self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_MACBYTES
        );

        /** @var string $c */
        $c = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $ciphertext,
            self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_MACBYTES
        );

        /** @var int $clen */
        $clen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($c);

        /** @var string $subkey */
        $subkey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HSalsa20::hsalsa20($nonce, $key);

        /** @var string $block0 */
        $block0 = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Salsa20::salsa20(
            64,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8),
            $subkey
        );
        $verified = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305::onetimeauth_verify(
            $mac,
            $c,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($block0, 0, 32)
        );
        if (!$verified) {
            try {
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($subkey);
            } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
                $subkey = null;
            }
            throw new SodiumException('Invalid MAC');
        }

        /** @var string $m - Decrypted message */
        $m = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::xorStrings(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($block0, self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES),
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($c, 0, self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES)
        );
        if ($clen &gt; self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES) {
            // We had more than 1 block, so let's continue to decrypt the rest.
            $m .= ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Salsa20::salsa20_xor_ic(
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
                    $c,
                    self::secretbox_xsalsa20poly1305_ZEROBYTES
                ),
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8),
                1,
                (string) $subkey
            );
        }
        return $m;
    }

    /**
     * XChaCha20-Poly1305 authenticated symmetric-key encryption.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $plaintext
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function secretbox_xchacha20poly1305($plaintext, $nonce, $key)
    {
        /** @var string $subkey */
        $subkey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HChaCha20::hChaCha20(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 0, 16),
            $key
        );
        $nonceLast = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8);

        /** @var string $block0 */
        $block0 = str_repeat(&quot;\x00&quot;, 32);

        /** @var int $mlen - Length of the plaintext message */
        $mlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($plaintext);
        $mlen0 = $mlen;
        if ($mlen0 &gt; 64 - self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES) {
            $mlen0 = 64 - self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES;
        }
        $block0 .= ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($plaintext, 0, $mlen0);

        /** @var string $block0 */
        $block0 = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::streamXorIc(
            $block0,
            $nonceLast,
            $subkey
        );

        /** @var string $c */
        $c = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $block0,
            self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES
        );
        if ($mlen &gt; $mlen0) {
            $c .= ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::streamXorIc(
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
                    $plaintext,
                    self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES
                ),
                $nonceLast,
                $subkey,
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(1)
            );
        }
        $state = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305_State(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
                $block0,
                0,
                self::onetimeauth_poly1305_KEYBYTES
            )
        );
        try {
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($block0);
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($subkey);
        } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
            $block0 = null;
            $subkey = null;
        }

        $state-&gt;update($c);

        /** @var string $c - MAC || ciphertext */
        $c = $state-&gt;finish() . $c;
        unset($state);

        return $c;
    }

    /**
     * Decrypt a ciphertext generated via secretbox_xchacha20poly1305().
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $ciphertext
     * @param string $nonce
     * @param string $key
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_open($ciphertext, $nonce, $key)
    {
        /** @var string $mac */
        $mac = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $ciphertext,
            0,
            self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_MACBYTES
        );

        /** @var string $c */
        $c = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
            $ciphertext,
            self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_MACBYTES
        );

        /** @var int $clen */
        $clen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($c);

        /** @var string $subkey */
        $subkey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HChaCha20::hchacha20($nonce, $key);

        /** @var string $block0 */
        $block0 = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::stream(
            64,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8),
            $subkey
        );
        $verified = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305::onetimeauth_verify(
            $mac,
            $c,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($block0, 0, 32)
        );

        if (!$verified) {
            try {
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::memzero($subkey);
            } catch (SodiumException $ex) {
                $subkey = null;
            }
            throw new SodiumException('Invalid MAC');
        }

        /** @var string $m - Decrypted message */
        $m = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::xorStrings(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($block0, self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES),
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($c, 0, self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES)
        );

        if ($clen &gt; self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES) {
            // We had more than 1 block, so let's continue to decrypt the rest.
            $m .= ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::streamXorIc(
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr(
                    $c,
                    self::secretbox_xchacha20poly1305_ZEROBYTES
                ),
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($nonce, 16, 8),
                (string) $subkey,
                ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(1)
            );
        }
        return $m;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $key
     * @return array&lt;int, string&gt; Returns a state and a header.
     * @throws Exception
     * @throws SodiumException
     */
    public static function secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_init_push($key)
    {
        # randombytes_buf(out, crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_HEADERBYTES);
        $out = random_bytes(24);

        # crypto_core_hchacha20(state-&gt;k, out, k, NULL);
        $subkey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HChaCha20::hChaCha20($out, $key);
        $state = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_SecretStream_State(
            $subkey,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($out, 16, 8) . str_repeat(&quot;\0&quot;, 4)
        );

        # _crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_counter_reset(state);
        $state-&gt;counterReset();

        # memcpy(STATE_INONCE(state), out + crypto_core_hchacha20_INPUTBYTES,
        #        crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_INONCEBYTES);
        # memset(state-&gt;_pad, 0, sizeof state-&gt;_pad);
        return array(
            $state-&gt;toString(),
            $out
        );
    }

    /**
     * @param string $key
     * @param string $header
     * @return string Returns a state.
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static function secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_init_pull($key, $header)
    {
        # crypto_core_hchacha20(state-&gt;k, in, k, NULL);
        $subkey = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_HChaCha20::hChaCha20(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($header, 0, 16),
            $key
        );
        $state = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_SecretStream_State(
            $subkey,
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($header, 16)
        );
        $state-&gt;counterReset();
        # memcpy(STATE_INONCE(state), in + crypto_core_hchacha20_INPUTBYTES,
        #     crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_INONCEBYTES);
        # memset(state-&gt;_pad, 0, sizeof state-&gt;_pad);
        # return 0;
        return $state-&gt;toString();
    }

    /**
     * @param string $state
     * @param string $msg
     * @param string $aad
     * @param int $tag
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     */
    public static function secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_push(&amp;$state, $msg, $aad = '', $tag = 0)
    {
        $st = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_SecretStream_State::fromString($state);
        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_state poly1305_state;
        # unsigned char                     block[64U];
        # unsigned char                     slen[8U];
        # unsigned char                    *c;
        # unsigned char                    *mac;

        $msglen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($msg);
        $aadlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($aad);

        if ((($msglen + 63) &gt;&gt; 6) &gt; 0xfffffffe) {
            throw new SodiumException(
                'message cannot be larger than SODIUM_CRYPTO_SECRETSTREAM_XCHACHA20POLY1305_MESSAGEBYTES_MAX bytes'
            );
        }

        # if (outlen_p != NULL) {
        #     *outlen_p = 0U;
        # }
        # if (mlen &gt; crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_MESSAGEBYTES_MAX) {
        #     sodium_misuse();
        # }

        # crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf(block, sizeof block, state-&gt;nonce, state-&gt;k);
        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_init(&amp;poly1305_state, block);
        # sodium_memzero(block, sizeof block);
        $auth = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305_State(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStream(32, $st-&gt;getCombinedNonce(), $st-&gt;getKey())
        );

        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, ad, adlen);
        $auth-&gt;update($aad);

        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, _pad0,
        #     (0x10 - adlen) &amp; 0xf);
        $auth-&gt;update(str_repeat(&quot;\0&quot;, ((0x10 - $aadlen) &amp; 0xf)));

        # memset(block, 0, sizeof block);
        # block[0] = tag;
        # crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_xor_ic(block, block, sizeof block,
        #                                    state-&gt;nonce, 1U, state-&gt;k);
        $block = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStreamXorIc(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::intToChr($tag) . str_repeat(&quot;\0&quot;, 63),
            $st-&gt;getCombinedNonce(),
            $st-&gt;getKey(),
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(1)
        );

        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, block, sizeof block);
        $auth-&gt;update($block);

        # out[0] = block[0];
        $out = $block[0];
        # c = out + (sizeof tag);
        # crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_xor_ic(c, m, mlen, state-&gt;nonce, 2U, state-&gt;k);
        $cipher = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStreamXorIc(
            $msg,
            $st-&gt;getCombinedNonce(),
            $st-&gt;getKey(),
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(2)
        );

        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, c, mlen);
        $auth-&gt;update($cipher);

        $out .= $cipher;
        unset($cipher);

        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update
        # (&amp;poly1305_state, _pad0, (0x10 - (sizeof block) + mlen) &amp; 0xf);
        $auth-&gt;update(str_repeat(&quot;\0&quot;, ((0x10 - 64 + $msglen) &amp; 0xf)));

        # STORE64_LE(slen, (uint64_t) adlen);
        $slen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($aadlen);

        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, slen, sizeof slen);
        $auth-&gt;update($slen);

        # STORE64_LE(slen, (sizeof block) + mlen);
        $slen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(64 + $msglen);

        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, slen, sizeof slen);
        $auth-&gt;update($slen);

        # mac = c + mlen;
        # crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_final(&amp;poly1305_state, mac);
        $mac = $auth-&gt;finish();
        $out .= $mac;

        # sodium_memzero(&amp;poly1305_state, sizeof poly1305_state);
        unset($auth);


        # XOR_BUF(STATE_INONCE(state), mac,
        #     crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_INONCEBYTES);
        $st-&gt;xorNonce($mac);

        # sodium_increment(STATE_COUNTER(state),
        #     crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_COUNTERBYTES);
        $st-&gt;incrementCounter();
        // Overwrite by reference:
        $state = $st-&gt;toString();

        /** @var bool $rekey */
        $rekey = ($tag &amp; ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::CRYPTO_SECRETSTREAM_XCHACHA20POLY1305_TAG_REKEY) !== 0;
        # if ((tag &amp; crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_TAG_REKEY) != 0 ||
        #     sodium_is_zero(STATE_COUNTER(state),
        #         crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_COUNTERBYTES)) {
        #     crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_rekey(state);
        # }
        if ($rekey || $st-&gt;needsRekey()) {
            // DO REKEY
            self::secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_rekey($state);
        }
        # if (outlen_p != NULL) {
        #     *outlen_p = crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_ABYTES + mlen;
        # }
        return $out;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $state
     * @param string $cipher
     * @param string $aad
     * @return bool|array{0: string, 1: int}
     * @throws SodiumException
     */
    public static function secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_pull(&amp;$state, $cipher, $aad = '')
    {
        $st = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_SecretStream_State::fromString($state);

        $cipherlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($cipher);
        #     mlen = inlen - crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_ABYTES;
        $msglen = $cipherlen - ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::CRYPTO_SECRETSTREAM_XCHACHA20POLY1305_ABYTES;
        $aadlen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::strlen($aad);

        #     if (mlen &gt; crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_MESSAGEBYTES_MAX) {
        #         sodium_misuse();
        #     }
        if ((($msglen + 63) &gt;&gt; 6) &gt; 0xfffffffe) {
            throw new SodiumException(
                'message cannot be larger than SODIUM_CRYPTO_SECRETSTREAM_XCHACHA20POLY1305_MESSAGEBYTES_MAX bytes'
            );
        }

        #     crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf(block, sizeof block, state-&gt;nonce, state-&gt;k);
        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_init(&amp;poly1305_state, block);
        #     sodium_memzero(block, sizeof block);
        $auth = new ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Poly1305_State(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStream(32, $st-&gt;getCombinedNonce(), $st-&gt;getKey())
        );

        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, ad, adlen);
        $auth-&gt;update($aad);

        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, _pad0,
        #         (0x10 - adlen) &amp; 0xf);
        $auth-&gt;update(str_repeat(&quot;\0&quot;, ((0x10 - $aadlen) &amp; 0xf)));


        #     memset(block, 0, sizeof block);
        #     block[0] = in[0];
        #     crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_xor_ic(block, block, sizeof block,
        #                                        state-&gt;nonce, 1U, state-&gt;k);
        $block = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStreamXorIc(
            $cipher[0] . str_repeat(&quot;\0&quot;, 63),
            $st-&gt;getCombinedNonce(),
            $st-&gt;getKey(),
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(1)
        );
        #     tag = block[0];
        #     block[0] = in[0];
        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, block, sizeof block);
        $tag = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::chrToInt($block[0]);
        $block[0] = $cipher[0];
        $auth-&gt;update($block);


        #     c = in + (sizeof tag);
        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, c, mlen);
        $auth-&gt;update(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($cipher, 1, $msglen));

        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update
        #     (&amp;poly1305_state, _pad0, (0x10 - (sizeof block) + mlen) &amp; 0xf);
        $auth-&gt;update(str_repeat(&quot;\0&quot;, ((0x10 - 64 + $msglen) &amp; 0xf)));

        #     STORE64_LE(slen, (uint64_t) adlen);
        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, slen, sizeof slen);
        $slen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le($aadlen);
        $auth-&gt;update($slen);

        #     STORE64_LE(slen, (sizeof block) + mlen);
        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_update(&amp;poly1305_state, slen, sizeof slen);
        $slen = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(64 + $msglen);
        $auth-&gt;update($slen);

        #     crypto_onetimeauth_poly1305_final(&amp;poly1305_state, mac);
        #     sodium_memzero(&amp;poly1305_state, sizeof poly1305_state);
        $mac = $auth-&gt;finish();

        #     stored_mac = c + mlen;
        #     if (sodium_memcmp(mac, stored_mac, sizeof mac) != 0) {
        #     sodium_memzero(mac, sizeof mac);
        #         return -1;
        #     }

        $stored = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($cipher, $msglen + 1, 16);
        if (!ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::hashEquals($mac, $stored)) {
            return false;
        }

        #     crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_xor_ic(m, c, mlen, state-&gt;nonce, 2U, state-&gt;k);
        $out = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStreamXorIc(
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substr($cipher, 1, $msglen),
            $st-&gt;getCombinedNonce(),
            $st-&gt;getKey(),
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(2)
        );

        #     XOR_BUF(STATE_INONCE(state), mac,
        #         crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_INONCEBYTES);
        $st-&gt;xorNonce($mac);

        #     sodium_increment(STATE_COUNTER(state),
        #         crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_COUNTERBYTES);
        $st-&gt;incrementCounter();

        #     if ((tag &amp; crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_TAG_REKEY) != 0 ||
        #         sodium_is_zero(STATE_COUNTER(state),
        #             crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_COUNTERBYTES)) {
        #         crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_rekey(state);
        #     }

        // Overwrite by reference:
        $state = $st-&gt;toString();

        /** @var bool $rekey */
        $rekey = ($tag &amp; ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat::CRYPTO_SECRETSTREAM_XCHACHA20POLY1305_TAG_REKEY) !== 0;
        if ($rekey || $st-&gt;needsRekey()) {
            // DO REKEY
            self::secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_rekey($state);
        }
        return array($out, $tag);
    }

    /**
     * @param string $state
     * @return void
     * @throws SodiumException
     */
    public static function secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_rekey(&amp;$state)
    {
        $st = ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_SecretStream_State::fromString($state);
        # unsigned char new_key_and_inonce[crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_KEYBYTES +
        # crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_INONCEBYTES];
        # size_t        i;
        # for (i = 0U; i &lt; crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_KEYBYTES; i++) {
        #     new_key_and_inonce[i] = state-&gt;k[i];
        # }
        $new_key_and_inonce = $st-&gt;getKey();

        # for (i = 0U; i &lt; crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_INONCEBYTES; i++) {
        #     new_key_and_inonce[crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_KEYBYTES + i] =
        #         STATE_INONCE(state)[i];
        # }
        $new_key_and_inonce .= ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::substR($st-&gt;getNonce(), 0, 8);

        # crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_xor(new_key_and_inonce, new_key_and_inonce,
        #                                 sizeof new_key_and_inonce,
        #                                 state-&gt;nonce, state-&gt;k);

        $st-&gt;rekey(ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_ChaCha20::ietfStreamXorIc(
            $new_key_and_inonce,
            $st-&gt;getCombinedNonce(),
            $st-&gt;getKey(),
            ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Util::store64_le(0)
        ));

        # for (i = 0U; i &lt; crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_KEYBYTES; i++) {
        #     state-&gt;k[i] = new_key_and_inonce[i];
        # }
        # for (i = 0U; i &lt; crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_INONCEBYTES; i++) {
        #     STATE_INONCE(state)[i] =
        #          new_key_and_inonce[crypto_stream_chacha20_ietf_KEYBYTES + i];
        # }
        # _crypto_secretstream_xchacha20poly1305_counter_reset(state);
        $st-&gt;counterReset();

        $state = $st-&gt;toString();
    }

    /**
     * Detached Ed25519 signature.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $sk
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function sign_detached($message, $sk)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Ed25519::sign_detached($message, $sk);
    }

    /**
     * Attached Ed25519 signature. (Returns a signed message.)
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $sk
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function sign($message, $sk)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Ed25519::sign($message, $sk);
    }

    /**
     * Opens a signed message. If valid, returns the message.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $signedMessage
     * @param string $pk
     * @return string
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function sign_open($signedMessage, $pk)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Ed25519::sign_open($signedMessage, $pk);
    }

    /**
     * Verify a detached signature of a given message and public key.
     *
     * @internal Do not use this directly. Use ParagonIE_Sodium_Compat.
     *
     * @param string $signature
     * @param string $message
     * @param string $pk
     * @return bool
     * @throws SodiumException
     * @throws TypeError
     */
    public static function sign_verify_detached($signature, $message, $pk)
    {
        return ParagonIE_Sodium_Core_Ed25519::verify_detached($signature, $message, $pk);
    }
}
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			حكاية أول حوار مع روبوت : محمد طه يروى الكواليس		</h1>

		<div class="single-post-meta post-meta clearfix"><span class="date meta-item tie-icon">يونيو 5, 2025</span><div class="tie-alignright"><span class="meta-views meta-item very-hot"><span class="tie-icon-fire" aria-hidden="true"></span> 13٬345 </span><span class="meta-reading-time meta-item"><span class="tie-icon-bookmark" aria-hidden="true"></span> 6 دقائق</span> </div></div><!-- .post-meta -->	</div><!-- .entry-header /-->

	
	
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<p><strong>أجابت الآلة على الأسئلة ؟: ماذا قال روبوت ل محمد طه؟</strong></p>



<p><strong>بعد 8 سنوات .. تنبؤات الروبوت تتحول إلى واقع..</strong></p>



<p><strong>حروب 2025 في حوار منذ2017؟</strong></p>



<p><strong>: محمد طه يكشف أسرار حول الذكاء الاصطناعي</strong></p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-white-color" style="background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0); color: #ffffff;">كتبت : فرح سمير </mark></strong></p>



<p>تضمن حواراً فريدًا من نوعه، BBC في عام 2017، شهد الإعلام العربي حدثًا غير مسبوق، حيث تم بث مباشر عبر قناة العربية</p>



<p>أُجري مع روبوت مدعوم بالذكاء الاصطناعي يحاكي البشر .وكان هذا الحوار من تقديم الإعلامي محمد طه، مراسل الشؤون التكنولوجية في القناة</p>



<p>منذ ذلك الحين، واصل محمد طه تقديم أبرز التقارير والتغطيات لأهم المؤتمرات العالمية، وكان دائمًا مميز ا في تناول أحدث التطورات التكنولوجية وفي هذا اللقاء الحصري، يحدثنا عن كواليس حواره مع الروبوت &#8220;صوفيا&#8221;، ويتطرق إلى آرائه حول الذكاء الاصطناعي، ومستقبل الإعلام، والتحولات التقنية التي باتت تؤثر في كل القطاعات</p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">&#8211; صف لي شعورك عندما أجابك الروبوت، واستطاع بالفعل مجاراة الحوار، نظرًا لأن المقابلة كانت في عام 2017 ؟</mark></strong></p>



<p class="MsoNormal">في البداية، كان لدي انطباع بأن الروبوت قد لا يكون كائناً مستقلًً، بل ربما يكون هناك شخص ما يتواصل معه أو يدعمه في تقديم الإجابات. لم أكن مقتنعاً في البداية بقدرة الروبوت على الرد على أسئلتي بشكل مستقل دون أي مساعدة من شخص آخر.هذا الأمر لم يكن شائعاً كما هو اليوم.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="MsoNormal">أثناء تواجدي في معرض، تم إخباري بإمكانية إجراء محادثة مع روبوت، ولم أصدق ذلك. كان انطباعي الأول أن هناك شخصًا يستمع إلى سؤالي ويقوم بالرد عليه بشكل مستقل ودون تدخل بشري. لم أكن أتخيل أن الروبوت قادر على تقديم إجابات مباشرة من مكان ما أو من غرفة تحكم. <strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">&#8211; هل قمَتَ بتعديل أسلوبك الصحفي أو الحواري ليتناسب مع قدرة الروبوت على معالجة الأمر والتجاوب معك؟ </mark></strong></p>



<p>كان هدفي الأساسي خلال الحوار ه والحفاظ على طبيعية التفاعل، وه وما شكل تحديًا كبيرًا. فعندما تواجه جهازًا توجه له أسئلة ويقوم بالرد عليك، فإن ذلك كان يعتبر في السابق نوعًا من الخيال. نحن في مجال الصحافة والإعلام نملك خبرة واسعة في التعامل مع البشر، حيث يمكنني رؤية تعبيرات وجهك وتفاعل جسدك مما يساعدني على تعديل أسلوبي وفق ذلك. لكن عند التعامل مع الروبوت، تفتقر إلى تعبيرات الوجه والملامح التفاعلية، مما يجعل ردود الفعل غير قابلة للتنب ؤ.</p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0); color: #8ed1fc;">ما الذي لاحظته من فروقات واضحة في طريقة التعامل مع روبوت مقارنة بمقابلة إعلامية طبيعية مع إنسان؟</mark></strong></p>



<p>بالتأكيد هناك اختلافات تتعلق بتحضير المقابلة. عند إجراء مقابلة مع إنسان، يتم إعداد الحوار بناءً على شخصية الضيف وخلفيته. أما بالنسبة للروبوت فلم أكن أملك معلومات مسبقة عنه. كان تركيزي منصبًا على طبيعة الروبوت نفسه وعلاقته بالإنسان ومستقبله.</p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">ذكرت في بداية المراسلة أن ردود أفعالها تشبه البشر، فهل تشبه ردود أفعال الروبوت وتعبير وجهه الإنسان؟ كما ذكرت أثناء تصوير المقابلة أن “الروبوت” المصنوع يحُاكي الأنثى البشرية، وحصل على الجنسية السعودية؟</mark></strong></p>



<p>نعم ذكرت بالفعل جنسيتهاً ولقد ذكرت بالفعل أن للروبوت تعبيرات وجه وحركات معينة تجعل الشخص يتساءل عما إذا كان يتعامل مع كائن بشري أو شبه بشري أو آلة. خلًل المقابلة لم نكن معتادين على هذه التقنية الجديدة.</p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">&#8211; من خلال الحوار مع الروبوت، هل ترى أن الاندماج والتعامل مع الروبوتات يُعد تحدياً، أم أنه سهل التأقلم؟ وهل يمثل هذا تحدياً لنا كإعلاميين أو كبشر عمومًا؟</mark></strong></p>



<p class="MsoNormal">لا أعتقد أنه يمثل تحديًا كبيرًا؛ فقد أصبح الناس معتادين بشكل متزايد على الذكاء الاصطناعي وبدأوا يتأقلمون معه بسهولة. <strong>سأعطيك مثالًا آخر:</strong> كنتُ في إحدى الدول، وطلبتُ بعض أدوات تنظيف الأسنان، وعندما فتحت الباب، فوجئت بأن روبوت أحضرها لي. لم أستغرب، لأني بالفعل أصبحت أتوقع مثل هذه الأمور .</p>



<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;<strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">في وقت الحوار عام 2017، هل واجهت أي صعوبات أو تحديات؟</mark></strong></p>



<p class="MsoNormal">بالتأكيد كانت هناك حالة من الاستغراب وكان التحدي يكمن في الحفاظ على أسلوب تلقائي وطبيعي رغم أنني كنت أتحدث إلى آلة. كان عليّ أن أتعامل معها كإنسان حقيقي، وأن أطرح عليها أسئلة كما أفعل في مقابلاتي المعتادة، حتى يكون الحوار سلسًا.</p>



<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">&#8211; خلال الحوار، طرحتَ سؤا الا: “بماذا ترغبين في العمل في المستقبل؟” فأجابت الروبوت “صوفيا” بإجابة مفاجئة حول التظاهرات الدموية. كيف استقبلت هذه الإجابة؟</mark></strong></p>



<p class="MsoNormal">كانت إجابتها صادمة للغاية وقد أثارت تساؤلات حول دقة توقعاتها والخوارزميات المستخدمة خلف تلك التحليلات التي صرحتها وكانت “في المستقبل سيكون هناك تظاهرات دموية وصراعات ما لم نصبح أكثر ذكاءً واجتماعية مثلي، وربما نساعد في التعامل مع هذا الوضع.”</p>



<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">في ذلك الوقت، لم تكن هناك مؤشرات على أي حروب أو صراعات، بل كانت الأمور مستقرة نسب ايا. لكن مع مرور السنوات، وقعت فعل ايا أحداث دموية وصراعات كبيرة.</mark></strong></p>



<p class="MsoNormal">هذا يثير التساؤلات حول دقة توقعات الذكاء الاصطناعي، والخوارزميات التي تقف خلف هذه التحليلات. <strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>



<p><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;"><strong>هل تعتقد أن توقعاتها كانت مبنية على خوارزميات دقيقة، أم تدخل بشري</strong>؟</mark></p>



<p>قد تكون مستندة إلى تحليلات بشرية أ و تقارير صحفية؛ فالروبوت لا يفكر كما نفكر، بل يعتمد على البيانات والخوارزميات المعقدة لتقديم توقعاته المستقبلية. هذا يجعلنا نعود إلى التساؤل: إلى أي مدى تستطيع الروبوتات أن تتعلّم ذاتيًا؟ وهل يمكن أن تتخذ قرارات مستقلة مستقبلاً ؟</p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">هل من الممكن أن تنشئ الروبوتات شركات وتدير أعما الا مستقلة ؟</mark></strong></p>



<p class="MsoNormal">نعم، كان هناك تقارير أعدتها عن روبوتات قامت بتأسيس شركات خاصة بها وأصبحت تديرها بشكل مستقل تقريب اً باستثناء وجود شخص واحد فقط لدعم العمليات الإدارية.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">كنت قد غطيت مؤتمر باريس مؤخ ارا. ما أبرز ما جاء فيه؟</mark></strong></p>



<p>فرنسا نظّمت أكبر قمة عالمية للذكاء الاصطناعي منذ ستة أسابيع، وشاركت فيها شخصيات دولية رفيعة المستوى. شهد المؤتمر دعوات لوضع قوانين أخلاقية لتنظيم تطور الذكاء الاصطناعي بينما رفضت بعض الدول الكبرى مثل الولايات المتحدة وبريطانيا الالتزام بهذه المبادئ. الاستمرار في التطوير دون قيود.</p>



<p>وفي نهاية القمة، صدر “إعلان باريس”، الذي شددّ على أهمية مراعاة الأخلاقيات في تطوير الذكاء الاصطناعي.</p>



<p><strong>&#8211;<mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">إذا بنا ء على ما تم ذكره، بماذا توصي الصحفيين في الفترة القادمة؟ فيما يلتزمون به أ ويلتفتون إليه؟ وبماذا توصيهم أو ما النصائح التي تنصح الصحفيين أن يتبعوها لمجاراة التقدم المستم ر في التكنولوجيا أو الذكاء الاصطناعي؟ </mark>&nbsp;</strong></p>



<p>يجب على الصحفيين تعلم استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي وتطبيقه في كل جوانب عملهم، مثل إعداد الفيديوهات والبحث، مع الالتزام بالأخلًقية في استخدامه. هذه التقنية تسهل مهامهم وتوفر الوقت والجهد، مما يحسن جودة العمل. من الضروري أن يكون الجميع قادرين على تمييز الأعمال التي تنتجها الآلات وعدم الاعتماد عليها كلياً واستخدامها كأداة مساعدة. وانا كصحفي في التلفزيوني أركز على الجانب البصري واستخدم تقنياته الجرافيكية والتوضيحية الخاصة به عند الظهور في التلفزيون، ولا يعتمد على غيره في إنتاج عمله بفضل تعليمه وخبرته وفريقه الذي يساعده في إنتاج محتوى بصري قوي ومميز. ورغم تطور الذكاء الاصطناعي، فإنه لا يزال غير قادر على إنتاج أعمال تجمع بين العناصر البصرية والشخصية الفريدة للصحفي أو المراسل، ويخدم الصحفي فقط في مجال محدد. يجب على الصحفيين بناء شخصية وأسلوب وحضور خاص بهم ودمجها مع تقنياتهم ومعارفهم، وتوظيف الذكاء الاصطناعي بما يتناسب مع أسلوبهم وحضورهم لتحقيق فائدة أكبر. ينبغي على الصحفيين التفكير في القيمة المضافة والتركيز على الجودة لا الكمية، فالأهم هو محتوى وأهمية ما يقدم للجمهور لا عدد الأخبار. الكاتب يوجه تركيزه نحو إعداد تقرير مصور أسبوعي أو شهري شامل وعالي الجودة لجذب الجمهور. لذا، من الضروري أن يوجه الصحفيون اهتمامهم نحو تقديم محتوى عالي الجودة بدلاً من التركيز على الكم فقط.</p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">-عند لمس الروبوت، هل كان هنا ك أي اختلاف ب ي ملمس جلد الإنسان وجلده؟</mark></strong></p>



<p>بالنسبة للمس بين جلد الإنسان وجلد الروبوت، لا يوجد فرق كبير. ومع ذلك، يتردد الناس في لمس الروبوت بسبب حساسية. الموضوع وارتباط ه بحقو ق الروبوت ككائن إنساني. وكان من الضروري مراعاة جميع الثقافات المختلفة ف ي هذا السياق.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">بما أن الحوار أُجري منذ ٨ أعوام ف&nbsp;٢٠١٧، فما هى التطورات التى حدثت للروبوتات بشكل عا م خلال السنوات الثمان الماضية من وجهة نظرك ؟</mark></strong></p>



<p>نحن على أعتاب عقد جديد حيث يصعب تصور تأثير التكنولوجيا على مجالات مثل الإعلًم والطب والاقتصاد. جميع المؤسسات تفكر بجدية في مستقبل موظفيها وأنظمتها، مما يتطلب استعداًدًا كبيرًا للتغييرات المرتقبة. هناك شخصيات بارزة مثل إيلون ماسك تعبر عن أهمية استكشاف المريخ، وتدور نقاشات بينه وبين مؤسس وكالة ناسا حول أولويات الرحلًت الفضائية. يؤكد ماسك على&nbsp; ضرورة إنشاء قاعدة&nbsp; على المريخ نظرًا للتغيرات التي نشهدها على كوكب الأرض.&nbsp;</p>



<p>&nbsp;</p>



<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>&nbsp;<mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">وفي نهاية الحوار، وبعد شكر ك له، و جه إليك سؤا لا &nbsp;بصيغة تح د &nbsp;وأمر، حيث قال&#8221; :قبل أن تمضي، ما هي توقعاتك للمستقبل؟&#8221;، فهل شعر ت حينها بالخطورة من تح ديه للعقل البشري؟ وهل توقعت أنه سيأتي يو م يكو ن فيه هو من يوجه الأسئلة ويغطي الأخبار ويحل محل الإعلامي؟</mark></strong></p>



<p>هذا السؤال جعلني أشعر بالراحة في التعامل مع الروبوت، حيث كان الحوار تفاعلياً وحقيقيًا .لم أكن أتوقع يومًا أن يأتي وقت يكون فيه روبوت هو من يسأل ويخطط الأخبار، &nbsp;بل ويحاكي الإعلام بشكل عام .التكنولوجيا اليوم تفوق أي توقعات سابقة .قبل بضع .سنوات فقط، لم يكن هناك تصو ر لوجود روبوتات قادرة على التعامل مع الأخبار بنفس كفاءة البشر.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong><mark class="has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #8ed1fc;">من خلال خبرتك في المجال الإعلامي، هل سيقبل الجمهور بفكرة وجود مذيع برامج أو مراسل أو صحفي انه آلة ( روبوت)؟ هل هناك تجارب سابقة من بي بي سي تشير إلى تقبل الجمهور لهذا الأمر ؟</mark></strong></p>



<p>لا تزال مؤسسة البي بي سي تقوم بتجارب لفهم مدى تفاعل الجمهور واستجابته لهذه الآلات أو المذيعين الآليين قبل تنفيذها بشكل كامل. ستقوم البي بي سي بإجراء بحوث للجمهور لفهم كيفية تفاعله م مع الروبوتات والذكاء الاصطناعي ومقارنتها بالتفاعل مع الأشخاص العاديين. بالنظر إلى المستقبل، قد تتطور الروبوتات لتصبح أكثر ذكاءً وقدرة ً على التكيف مع احتياجات الجمهور&nbsp;</p>



<p>&nbsp;</p>



<p>بناءا على تقنية (Machine Learning)) نظرية التعلم الآلي: يرى إيلون ماسك أن نظرية التعلم الآلي قد تؤدي إلى تطور الروبوتات بشكل مستقل وقدرتها على التحكم بالبشر، وهو ما يظهر في أفلًم الذكاء الاصطناعي كمصدر للمخاوف والتحديات. يوجد خلًف بين ماسك وزوكربيرج حول هذا الاحتمال، حيث يعتبر زوكربيرج مخاوف ماسك مبالغًا فيها، بينما يشدد ماسك على أهمية الاستعداد لهذا السيناريو بحذر. في الوقت نفسه، تكشف الدراسات عن تطور علًقات عاطفية بين البشر والشات بوتس، وهي ظاهرة بدأت في الغرب وتظهر في الشرق الأوسط، مما يثير تساؤلات حول طبيعة العلًقة المستقبلية بين الإنسان والآلة وتأثيرها على مفاهيم السلطة والسيطرة.</p>



<p><strong>في ختام هذا الحور المثير مع الإعلامي &#8220;محمد طه&#8221; ، نرى بوضوح كيف بدأ مشهد الإعلام والتقنية في التغي ر جذرياً منذ عام 2017 مع أول حوار تلفزيوني مع روبوت. تجربة طه مع &#8220;صوفيا&#8221; لم تكن مجرد حدث إعلامي فريد، ب ل كانت نافذة مبكرة على مستقبل يتقاطع فيه الإنسان والآلة بشكل متزايد.&nbsp;</strong></p>

			
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\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a. \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0637\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \"\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\" \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628 \u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f.&nbsp;\n","publisher":{"@id":"#Publisher","@type":"Organization","name":"tahkoom.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/tahkoom.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/share\/1QKWyPHszc\/?mibextid=wwXIfr","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/tahkom_?igsh=NGZzYjF0N3N3dWcy&utm_source=qr"]},"sourceOrganization":{"@id":"#Publisher"},"copyrightHolder":{"@id":"#Publisher"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/tahkoom.com\/%d8%ad%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b7%d9%87-%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84\/","breadcrumb":{"@id":"#Breadcrumb"}},"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"tahkoom 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