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<div class='alert alert-info'><strong>/home/tahkoom/public_html/wp-content/plugins/chatbot/inc/parsedown.php</strong></div><pre class='file-content'>&lt;?php

#
#
# Parsedown
# http://parsedown.org
#
# (c) Emanuil Rusev
# http://erusev.com
#
# For the full license information, view the LICENSE file that was distributed
# with this source code.
#
#
if(!class_exists('Parsedown')){
    class Parsedown
    {
        # ~

        const version = '1.8.0-beta-7';

        # ~

        function text($text)
        {
            $Elements = $this-&gt;textElements($text);

            # convert to markup
            $markup = $this-&gt;elements($Elements);

            # trim line breaks
            $markup = trim($markup, &quot;\n&quot;);

            return $markup;
        }

        protected function textElements($text)
        {
            # make sure no definitions are set
            $this-&gt;DefinitionData = array();

            # standardize line breaks
            $text = str_replace(array(&quot;\r\n&quot;, &quot;\r&quot;), &quot;\n&quot;, $text);

            # remove surrounding line breaks
            $text = trim($text, &quot;\n&quot;);

            # split text into lines
            $lines = explode(&quot;\n&quot;, $text);

            # iterate through lines to identify blocks
            return $this-&gt;linesElements($lines);
        }

        #
        # Setters
        #

        function setBreaksEnabled($breaksEnabled)
        {
            $this-&gt;breaksEnabled = $breaksEnabled;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $breaksEnabled;

        function setMarkupEscaped($markupEscaped)
        {
            $this-&gt;markupEscaped = $markupEscaped;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $markupEscaped;

        function setUrlsLinked($urlsLinked)
        {
            $this-&gt;urlsLinked = $urlsLinked;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $urlsLinked = true;

        function setSafeMode($safeMode)
        {
            $this-&gt;safeMode = (bool) $safeMode;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $safeMode;

        function setStrictMode($strictMode)
        {
            $this-&gt;strictMode = (bool) $strictMode;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $strictMode;

        protected $safeLinksWhitelist = array(
            'http://',
            'https://',
            'ftp://',
            'ftps://',
            'mailto:',
            'tel:',
            'data:image/png;base64,',
            'data:image/gif;base64,',
            'data:image/jpeg;base64,',
            'irc:',
            'ircs:',
            'git:',
            'ssh:',
            'news:',
            'steam:',
        );

        #
        # Lines
        #

        protected $BlockTypes = array(
            '#' =&gt; array('Header'),
            '*' =&gt; array('Rule', 'List'),
            '+' =&gt; array('List'),
            '-' =&gt; array('SetextHeader', 'Table', 'Rule', 'List'),
            '0' =&gt; array('List'),
            '1' =&gt; array('List'),
            '2' =&gt; array('List'),
            '3' =&gt; array('List'),
            '4' =&gt; array('List'),
            '5' =&gt; array('List'),
            '6' =&gt; array('List'),
            '7' =&gt; array('List'),
            '8' =&gt; array('List'),
            '9' =&gt; array('List'),
            ':' =&gt; array('Table'),
            '&lt;' =&gt; array('Comment', 'Markup'),
            '=' =&gt; array('SetextHeader'),
            '&gt;' =&gt; array('Quote'),
            '[' =&gt; array('Reference'),
            '_' =&gt; array('Rule'),
            '`' =&gt; array('FencedCode'),
            '|' =&gt; array('Table'),
            '~' =&gt; array('FencedCode'),
        );

        # ~

        protected $unmarkedBlockTypes = array(
            'Code',
        );

        #
        # Blocks
        #

        protected function lines(array $lines)
        {
            return $this-&gt;elements($this-&gt;linesElements($lines));
        }

        protected function linesElements(array $lines)
        {
            $Elements = array();
            $CurrentBlock = null;

            foreach ($lines as $line)
            {
                if (chop($line) === '')
                {
                    if (isset($CurrentBlock))
                    {
                        $CurrentBlock['interrupted'] = (isset($CurrentBlock['interrupted'])
                            ? $CurrentBlock['interrupted'] + 1 : 1
                        );
                    }

                    continue;
                }

                while (($beforeTab = strstr($line, &quot;\t&quot;, true)) !== false)
                {
                    $shortage = 4 - mb_strlen($beforeTab, 'utf-8') % 4;

                    $line = $beforeTab
                        . str_repeat(' ', $shortage)
                        . substr($line, strlen($beforeTab) + 1)
                    ;
                }

                $indent = strspn($line, ' ');

                $text = $indent &gt; 0 ? substr($line, $indent) : $line;

                # ~

                $Line = array('body' =&gt; $line, 'indent' =&gt; $indent, 'text' =&gt; $text);

                # ~

                if (isset($CurrentBlock['continuable']))
                {
                    $methodName = 'block' . $CurrentBlock['type'] . 'Continue';
                    $Block = $this-&gt;$methodName($Line, $CurrentBlock);

                    if (isset($Block))
                    {
                        $CurrentBlock = $Block;

                        continue;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if ($this-&gt;isBlockCompletable($CurrentBlock['type']))
                        {
                            $methodName = 'block' . $CurrentBlock['type'] . 'Complete';
                            $CurrentBlock = $this-&gt;$methodName($CurrentBlock);
                        }
                    }
                }

                # ~

                $marker = $text[0];

                # ~

                $blockTypes = $this-&gt;unmarkedBlockTypes;

                if (isset($this-&gt;BlockTypes[$marker]))
                {
                    foreach ($this-&gt;BlockTypes[$marker] as $blockType)
                    {
                        $blockTypes []= $blockType;
                    }
                }

                #
                # ~

                foreach ($blockTypes as $blockType)
                {
                    $Block = $this-&gt;{&quot;block$blockType&quot;}($Line, $CurrentBlock);

                    if (isset($Block))
                    {
                        $Block['type'] = $blockType;

                        if ( ! isset($Block['identified']))
                        {
                            if (isset($CurrentBlock))
                            {
                                $Elements[] = $this-&gt;extractElement($CurrentBlock);
                            }

                            $Block['identified'] = true;
                        }

                        if ($this-&gt;isBlockContinuable($blockType))
                        {
                            $Block['continuable'] = true;
                        }

                        $CurrentBlock = $Block;

                        continue 2;
                    }
                }

                # ~

                if (isset($CurrentBlock) and $CurrentBlock['type'] === 'Paragraph')
                {
                    $Block = $this-&gt;paragraphContinue($Line, $CurrentBlock);
                }

                if (isset($Block))
                {
                    $CurrentBlock = $Block;
                }
                else
                {
                    if (isset($CurrentBlock))
                    {
                        $Elements[] = $this-&gt;extractElement($CurrentBlock);
                    }

                    $CurrentBlock = $this-&gt;paragraph($Line);

                    $CurrentBlock['identified'] = true;
                }
            }

            # ~

            if (isset($CurrentBlock['continuable']) and $this-&gt;isBlockCompletable($CurrentBlock['type']))
            {
                $methodName = 'block' . $CurrentBlock['type'] . 'Complete';
                $CurrentBlock = $this-&gt;$methodName($CurrentBlock);
            }

            # ~

            if (isset($CurrentBlock))
            {
                $Elements[] = $this-&gt;extractElement($CurrentBlock);
            }

            # ~

            return $Elements;
        }

        protected function extractElement(array $Component)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Component['element']))
            {
                if (isset($Component['markup']))
                {
                    $Component['element'] = array('rawHtml' =&gt; $Component['markup']);
                }
                elseif (isset($Component['hidden']))
                {
                    $Component['element'] = array();
                }
            }

            return $Component['element'];
        }

        protected function isBlockContinuable($Type)
        {
            return method_exists($this, 'block' . $Type . 'Continue');
        }

        protected function isBlockCompletable($Type)
        {
            return method_exists($this, 'block' . $Type . 'Complete');
        }

        #
        # Code

        protected function blockCode($Line, $Block = null)
        {
            if (isset($Block) and $Block['type'] === 'Paragraph' and ! isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Line['indent'] &gt;= 4)
            {
                $text = substr($Line['body'], 4);

                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'pre',
                        'element' =&gt; array(
                            'name' =&gt; 'code',
                            'text' =&gt; $text,
                        ),
                    ),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockCodeContinue($Line, $Block)
        {
            if ($Line['indent'] &gt;= 4)
            {
                if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
                {
                    $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= str_repeat(&quot;\n&quot;, $Block['interrupted']);

                    unset($Block['interrupted']);
                }

                $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= &quot;\n&quot;;

                $text = substr($Line['body'], 4);

                $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= $text;

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockCodeComplete($Block)
        {
            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Comment

        protected function blockComment($Line)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;markupEscaped or $this-&gt;safeMode)
            {
                return;
            }

            if (strpos($Line['text'], '&lt;!--') === 0)
            {
                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'rawHtml' =&gt; $Line['body'],
                        'autobreak' =&gt; true,
                    ),
                );

                if (strpos($Line['text'], '--&gt;') !== false)
                {
                    $Block['closed'] = true;
                }

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockCommentContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['closed']))
            {
                return;
            }

            $Block['element']['rawHtml'] .= &quot;\n&quot; . $Line['body'];

            if (strpos($Line['text'], '--&gt;') !== false)
            {
                $Block['closed'] = true;
            }

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Fenced Code

        protected function blockFencedCode($Line)
        {
            $marker = $Line['text'][0];

            $openerLength = strspn($Line['text'], $marker);

            if ($openerLength &lt; 3)
            {
                return;
            }

            $infostring = trim(substr($Line['text'], $openerLength), &quot;\t &quot;);

            if (strpos($infostring, '`') !== false)
            {
                return;
            }

            $Element = array(
                'name' =&gt; 'code',
                'text' =&gt; '',
            );

            if ($infostring !== '')
            {
                /**
                 * https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/elements.html#classes
                 * Every HTML element may have a class attribute specified.
                 * The attribute, if specified, must have a value that is a set
                 * of space-separated tokens representing the various classes
                 * that the element belongs to.
                 * [...]
                 * The space characters, for the purposes of this specification,
                 * are U+0020 SPACE, U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab),
                 * U+000A LINE FEED (LF), U+000C FORM FEED (FF), and
                 * U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR).
                 */
                $language = substr($infostring, 0, strcspn($infostring, &quot; \t\n\f\r&quot;));

                $Element['attributes'] = array('class' =&gt; &quot;language-$language&quot;);
            }

            $Block = array(
                'char' =&gt; $marker,
                'openerLength' =&gt; $openerLength,
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'pre',
                    'element' =&gt; $Element,
                ),
            );

            return $Block;
        }

        protected function blockFencedCodeContinue($Line, $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['complete']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= str_repeat(&quot;\n&quot;, $Block['interrupted']);

                unset($Block['interrupted']);
            }

            if (($len = strspn($Line['text'], $Block['char'])) &gt;= $Block['openerLength']
                and chop(substr($Line['text'], $len), ' ') === ''
            ) {
                $Block['element']['element']['text'] = substr($Block['element']['element']['text'], 1);

                $Block['complete'] = true;

                return $Block;
            }

            $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= &quot;\n&quot; . $Line['body'];

            return $Block;
        }

        protected function blockFencedCodeComplete($Block)
        {
            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Header

        protected function blockHeader($Line)
        {
            $level = strspn($Line['text'], '#');

            if ($level &gt; 6)
            {
                return;
            }

            $text = trim($Line['text'], '#');

            if ($this-&gt;strictMode and isset($text[0]) and $text[0] !== ' ')
            {
                return;
            }

            $text = trim($text, ' ');

            $Block = array(
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'h' . $level,
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                        'argument' =&gt; $text,
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                    )
                ),
            );

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # List

        protected function blockList($Line, ?array $CurrentBlock = null)
        {
            list($name, $pattern) = $Line['text'][0] &lt;= '-' ? array('ul', '[*+-]') : array('ol', '[0-9]{1,9}+[.\)]');

            if (preg_match('/^('.$pattern.'([ ]++|$))(.*+)/', $Line['text'], $matches))
            {
                $contentIndent = strlen($matches[2]);

                if ($contentIndent &gt;= 5)
                {
                    $contentIndent -= 1;
                    $matches[1] = substr($matches[1], 0, -$contentIndent);
                    $matches[3] = str_repeat(' ', $contentIndent) . $matches[3];
                }
                elseif ($contentIndent === 0)
                {
                    $matches[1] .= ' ';
                }

                $markerWithoutWhitespace = strstr($matches[1], ' ', true);

                $Block = array(
                    'indent' =&gt; $Line['indent'],
                    'pattern' =&gt; $pattern,
                    'data' =&gt; array(
                        'type' =&gt; $name,
                        'marker' =&gt; $matches[1],
                        'markerType' =&gt; ($name === 'ul' ? $markerWithoutWhitespace : substr($markerWithoutWhitespace, -1)),
                    ),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; $name,
                        'elements' =&gt; array(),
                    ),
                );
                $Block['data']['markerTypeRegex'] = preg_quote($Block['data']['markerType'], '/');

                if ($name === 'ol')
                {
                    $listStart = ltrim(strstr($matches[1], $Block['data']['markerType'], true), '0') ?: '0';

                    if ($listStart !== '1')
                    {
                        if (
                            isset($CurrentBlock)
                            and $CurrentBlock['type'] === 'Paragraph'
                            and ! isset($CurrentBlock['interrupted'])
                        ) {
                            return;
                        }

                        $Block['element']['attributes'] = array('start' =&gt; $listStart);
                    }
                }

                $Block['li'] = array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'li',
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'li',
                        'argument' =&gt; !empty($matches[3]) ? array($matches[3]) : array(),
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements'
                    )
                );

                $Block['element']['elements'] []= &amp; $Block['li'];

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockListContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['interrupted']) and empty($Block['li']['handler']['argument']))
            {
                return null;
            }

            $requiredIndent = ($Block['indent'] + strlen($Block['data']['marker']));

            if ($Line['indent'] &lt; $requiredIndent
                and (
                    (
                        $Block['data']['type'] === 'ol'
                        and preg_match('/^[0-9]++'.$Block['data']['markerTypeRegex'].'(?:[ ]++(.*)|$)/', $Line['text'], $matches)
                    ) or (
                        $Block['data']['type'] === 'ul'
                        and preg_match('/^'.$Block['data']['markerTypeRegex'].'(?:[ ]++(.*)|$)/', $Line['text'], $matches)
                    )
                )
            ) {
                if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
                {
                    $Block['li']['handler']['argument'] []= '';

                    $Block['loose'] = true;

                    unset($Block['interrupted']);
                }

                unset($Block['li']);

                $text = isset($matches[1]) ? $matches[1] : '';

                $Block['indent'] = $Line['indent'];

                $Block['li'] = array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'li',
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'li',
                        'argument' =&gt; array($text),
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements'
                    )
                );

                $Block['element']['elements'] []= &amp; $Block['li'];

                return $Block;
            }
            elseif ($Line['indent'] &lt; $requiredIndent and $this-&gt;blockList($Line))
            {
                return null;
            }

            if ($Line['text'][0] === '[' and $this-&gt;blockReference($Line))
            {
                return $Block;
            }

            if ($Line['indent'] &gt;= $requiredIndent)
            {
                if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
                {
                    $Block['li']['handler']['argument'] []= '';

                    $Block['loose'] = true;

                    unset($Block['interrupted']);
                }

                $text = substr($Line['body'], $requiredIndent);

                $Block['li']['handler']['argument'] []= $text;

                return $Block;
            }

            if ( ! isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                $text = preg_replace('/^[ ]{0,'.$requiredIndent.'}+/', '', $Line['body']);

                $Block['li']['handler']['argument'] []= $text;

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockListComplete(array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['loose']))
            {
                foreach ($Block['element']['elements'] as &amp;$li)
                {
                    if (end($li['handler']['argument']) !== '')
                    {
                        $li['handler']['argument'] []= '';
                    }
                }
            }

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Quote

        protected function blockQuote($Line)
        {
            if (preg_match('/^&gt;[ ]?+(.*+)/', $Line['text'], $matches))
            {
                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'blockquote',
                        'handler' =&gt; array(
                            'function' =&gt; 'linesElements',
                            'argument' =&gt; (array) $matches[1],
                            'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                        )
                    ),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockQuoteContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Line['text'][0] === '&gt;' and preg_match('/^&gt;[ ]?+(.*+)/', $Line['text'], $matches))
            {
                $Block['element']['handler']['argument'] []= $matches[1];

                return $Block;
            }

            if ( ! isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                $Block['element']['handler']['argument'] []= $Line['text'];

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # Rule

        protected function blockRule($Line)
        {
            $marker = $Line['text'][0];

            if (substr_count($Line['text'], $marker) &gt;= 3 and chop($Line['text'], &quot; $marker&quot;) === '')
            {
                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'hr',
                    ),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # Setext

        protected function blockSetextHeader($Line, ?array $Block = null)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Block) or $Block['type'] !== 'Paragraph' or isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Line['indent'] &lt; 4 and chop(chop($Line['text'], ' '), $Line['text'][0]) === '')
            {
                $Block['element']['name'] = $Line['text'][0] === '=' ? 'h1' : 'h2';

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # Markup

        protected function blockMarkup($Line)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;markupEscaped or $this-&gt;safeMode)
            {
                return;
            }

            if (preg_match('/^&lt;[\/]?+(\w*)(?:[ ]*+'.$this-&gt;regexHtmlAttribute.')*+[ ]*+(\/)?&gt;/', $Line['text'], $matches))
            {
                $element = strtolower($matches[1]);

                if (in_array($element, $this-&gt;textLevelElements))
                {
                    return;
                }

                $Block = array(
                    'name' =&gt; $matches[1],
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'rawHtml' =&gt; $Line['text'],
                        'autobreak' =&gt; true,
                    ),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockMarkupContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['closed']) or isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            $Block['element']['rawHtml'] .= &quot;\n&quot; . $Line['body'];

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Reference

        protected function blockReference($Line)
        {
            if (strpos($Line['text'], ']') !== false
                and preg_match('/^\[(.+?)\]:[ ]*+&lt;?(\S+?)&gt;?(?:[ ]+[&quot;\'(](.+)[&quot;\')])?[ ]*+$/', $Line['text'], $matches)
            ) {
                $id = strtolower($matches[1]);

                $Data = array(
                    'url' =&gt; $matches[2],
                    'title' =&gt; isset($matches[3]) ? $matches[3] : null,
                );

                $this-&gt;DefinitionData['Reference'][$id] = $Data;

                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # Table

        protected function blockTable($Line, ?array $Block = null)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Block) or $Block['type'] !== 'Paragraph' or isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if (
                strpos($Block['element']['handler']['argument'], '|') === false
                and strpos($Line['text'], '|') === false
                and strpos($Line['text'], ':') === false
                or strpos($Block['element']['handler']['argument'], &quot;\n&quot;) !== false
            ) {
                return;
            }

            if (chop($Line['text'], ' -:|') !== '')
            {
                return;
            }

            $alignments = array();

            $divider = $Line['text'];

            $divider = trim($divider);
            $divider = trim($divider, '|');

            $dividerCells = explode('|', $divider);

            foreach ($dividerCells as $dividerCell)
            {
                $dividerCell = trim($dividerCell);

                if ($dividerCell === '')
                {
                    return;
                }

                $alignment = null;

                if ($dividerCell[0] === ':')
                {
                    $alignment = 'left';
                }

                if (substr($dividerCell, - 1) === ':')
                {
                    $alignment = $alignment === 'left' ? 'center' : 'right';
                }

                $alignments []= $alignment;
            }

            # ~

            $HeaderElements = array();

            $header = $Block['element']['handler']['argument'];

            $header = trim($header);
            $header = trim($header, '|');

            $headerCells = explode('|', $header);

            if (count($headerCells) !== count($alignments))
            {
                return;
            }

            foreach ($headerCells as $index =&gt; $headerCell)
            {
                $headerCell = trim($headerCell);

                $HeaderElement = array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'th',
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                        'argument' =&gt; $headerCell,
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                    )
                );

                if (isset($alignments[$index]))
                {
                    $alignment = $alignments[$index];

                    $HeaderElement['attributes'] = array(
                        'style' =&gt; &quot;text-align: $alignment;&quot;,
                    );
                }

                $HeaderElements []= $HeaderElement;
            }

            # ~

            $Block = array(
                'alignments' =&gt; $alignments,
                'identified' =&gt; true,
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'table',
                    'elements' =&gt; array(),
                ),
            );

            $Block['element']['elements'] []= array(
                'name' =&gt; 'thead',
            );

            $Block['element']['elements'] []= array(
                'name' =&gt; 'tbody',
                'elements' =&gt; array(),
            );

            $Block['element']['elements'][0]['elements'] []= array(
                'name' =&gt; 'tr',
                'elements' =&gt; $HeaderElements,
            );

            return $Block;
        }

        protected function blockTableContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if (count($Block['alignments']) === 1 or $Line['text'][0] === '|' or strpos($Line['text'], '|'))
            {
                $Elements = array();

                $row = $Line['text'];

                $row = trim($row);
                $row = trim($row, '|');

                preg_match_all('/(?:(\\\\[|])|[^|`]|`[^`]++`|`)++/', $row, $matches);

                $cells = array_slice($matches[0], 0, count($Block['alignments']));

                foreach ($cells as $index =&gt; $cell)
                {
                    $cell = trim($cell);

                    $Element = array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'td',
                        'handler' =&gt; array(
                            'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                            'argument' =&gt; $cell,
                            'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                        )
                    );

                    if (isset($Block['alignments'][$index]))
                    {
                        $Element['attributes'] = array(
                            'style' =&gt; 'text-align: ' . $Block['alignments'][$index] . ';',
                        );
                    }

                    $Elements []= $Element;
                }

                $Element = array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'tr',
                    'elements' =&gt; $Elements,
                );

                $Block['element']['elements'][1]['elements'] []= $Element;

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # ~
        #

        protected function paragraph($Line)
        {
            return array(
                'type' =&gt; 'Paragraph',
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'p',
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                        'argument' =&gt; $Line['text'],
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                    ),
                ),
            );
        }

        protected function paragraphContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            $Block['element']['handler']['argument'] .= &quot;\n&quot;.$Line['text'];

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Inline Elements
        #

        protected $InlineTypes = array(
            '!' =&gt; array('Image'),
            '&amp;' =&gt; array('SpecialCharacter'),
            '*' =&gt; array('Emphasis'),
            ':' =&gt; array('Url'),
            '&lt;' =&gt; array('UrlTag', 'EmailTag', 'Markup'),
            '[' =&gt; array('Link'),
            '_' =&gt; array('Emphasis'),
            '`' =&gt; array('Code'),
            '~' =&gt; array('Strikethrough'),
            '\\' =&gt; array('EscapeSequence'),
        );

        # ~

        protected $inlineMarkerList = '!*_&amp;[:&lt;`~\\';

        #
        # ~
        #

        public function line($text, $nonNestables = array())
        {
            return $this-&gt;elements($this-&gt;lineElements($text, $nonNestables));
        }

        protected function lineElements($text, $nonNestables = array())
        {
            # standardize line breaks
            $text = str_replace(array(&quot;\r\n&quot;, &quot;\r&quot;), &quot;\n&quot;, $text);

            $Elements = array();

            $nonNestables = (empty($nonNestables)
                ? array()
                : array_combine($nonNestables, $nonNestables)
            );

            # $excerpt is based on the first occurrence of a marker

            while ($excerpt = strpbrk($text, $this-&gt;inlineMarkerList))
            {
                $marker = $excerpt[0];

                $markerPosition = strlen($text) - strlen($excerpt);

                $Excerpt = array('text' =&gt; $excerpt, 'context' =&gt; $text);

                foreach ($this-&gt;InlineTypes[$marker] as $inlineType)
                {
                    # check to see if the current inline type is nestable in the current context

                    if (isset($nonNestables[$inlineType]))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    $Inline = $this-&gt;{&quot;inline$inlineType&quot;}($Excerpt);

                    if ( ! isset($Inline))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    # makes sure that the inline belongs to &quot;our&quot; marker

                    if (isset($Inline['position']) and $Inline['position'] &gt; $markerPosition)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    # sets a default inline position

                    if ( ! isset($Inline['position']))
                    {
                        $Inline['position'] = $markerPosition;
                    }

                    # cause the new element to 'inherit' our non nestables


                    $Inline['element']['nonNestables'] = isset($Inline['element']['nonNestables'])
                        ? array_merge($Inline['element']['nonNestables'], $nonNestables)
                        : $nonNestables
                    ;

                    # the text that comes before the inline
                    $unmarkedText = substr($text, 0, $Inline['position']);

                    # compile the unmarked text
                    $InlineText = $this-&gt;inlineText($unmarkedText);
                    $Elements[] = $InlineText['element'];

                    # compile the inline
                    $Elements[] = $this-&gt;extractElement($Inline);

                    # remove the examined text
                    $text = substr($text, $Inline['position'] + $Inline['extent']);

                    continue 2;
                }

                # the marker does not belong to an inline

                $unmarkedText = substr($text, 0, $markerPosition + 1);

                $InlineText = $this-&gt;inlineText($unmarkedText);
                $Elements[] = $InlineText['element'];

                $text = substr($text, $markerPosition + 1);
            }

            $InlineText = $this-&gt;inlineText($text);
            $Elements[] = $InlineText['element'];

            foreach ($Elements as &amp;$Element)
            {
                if ( ! isset($Element['autobreak']))
                {
                    $Element['autobreak'] = false;
                }
            }

            return $Elements;
        }

        #
        # ~
        #

        protected function inlineText($text)
        {
            $Inline = array(
                'extent' =&gt; strlen($text),
                'element' =&gt; array(),
            );

            $Inline['element']['elements'] = self::pregReplaceElements(
                $this-&gt;breaksEnabled ? '/[ ]*+\n/' : '/(?:[ ]*+\\\\|[ ]{2,}+)\n/',
                array(
                    array('name' =&gt; 'br'),
                    array('text' =&gt; &quot;\n&quot;),
                ),
                $text
            );

            return $Inline;
        }

        protected function inlineCode($Excerpt)
        {
            $marker = $Excerpt['text'][0];

            if (preg_match('/^(['.$marker.']++)[ ]*+(.+?)[ ]*+(?&lt;!['.$marker.'])\1(?!'.$marker.')/s', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                $text = $matches[2];
                $text = preg_replace('/[ ]*+\n/', ' ', $text);

                return array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'code',
                        'text' =&gt; $text,
                    ),
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineEmailTag($Excerpt)
        {
            $hostnameLabel = '[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?';

            $commonMarkEmail = '[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&amp;\'*+\/=?^_`{|}~-]++@'
                . $hostnameLabel . '(?:\.' . $hostnameLabel . ')*';

            if (strpos($Excerpt['text'], '&gt;') !== false
                and preg_match(&quot;/^&lt;((mailto:)?$commonMarkEmail)&gt;/i&quot;, $Excerpt['text'], $matches)
            ){
                $url = $matches[1];

                if ( ! isset($matches[2]))
                {
                    $url = &quot;mailto:$url&quot;;
                }

                return array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'a',
                        'text' =&gt; $matches[1],
                        'attributes' =&gt; array(
                            'href' =&gt; $url,
                        ),
                    ),
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineEmphasis($Excerpt)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Excerpt['text'][1]))
            {
                return;
            }

            $marker = $Excerpt['text'][0];

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] === $marker and preg_match($this-&gt;StrongRegex[$marker], $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                $emphasis = 'strong';
            }
            elseif (preg_match($this-&gt;EmRegex[$marker], $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                $emphasis = 'em';
            }
            else
            {
                return;
            }

            return array(
                'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; $emphasis,
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                        'argument' =&gt; $matches[1],
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                    )
                ),
            );
        }

        protected function inlineEscapeSequence($Excerpt)
        {
            if (isset($Excerpt['text'][1]) and in_array($Excerpt['text'][1], $this-&gt;specialCharacters))
            {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; $Excerpt['text'][1]),
                    'extent' =&gt; 2,
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineImage($Excerpt)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Excerpt['text'][1]) or $Excerpt['text'][1] !== '[')
            {
                return;
            }

            $Excerpt['text']= substr($Excerpt['text'], 1);

            $Link = $this-&gt;inlineLink($Excerpt);

            if ($Link === null)
            {
                return;
            }

            $Inline = array(
                'extent' =&gt; $Link['extent'] + 1,
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'img',
                    'attributes' =&gt; array(
                        'src' =&gt; $Link['element']['attributes']['href'],
                        'alt' =&gt; $Link['element']['handler']['argument'],
                    ),
                    'autobreak' =&gt; true,
                ),
            );

            $Inline['element']['attributes'] += $Link['element']['attributes'];

            unset($Inline['element']['attributes']['href']);

            return $Inline;
        }

        protected function inlineLink($Excerpt)
        {
            $Element = array(
                'name' =&gt; 'a',
                'handler' =&gt; array(
                    'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                    'argument' =&gt; null,
                    'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                ),
                'nonNestables' =&gt; array('Url', 'Link'),
                'attributes' =&gt; array(
                    'href' =&gt; null,
                    'title' =&gt; null,
                ),
            );

            $extent = 0;

            $remainder = $Excerpt['text'];

            if (preg_match('/\[((?:[^][]++|(?R))*+)\]/', $remainder, $matches))
            {
                $Element['handler']['argument'] = $matches[1];

                $extent += strlen($matches[0]);

                $remainder = substr($remainder, $extent);
            }
            else
            {
                return;
            }

            if (preg_match('/^[(]\s*+((?:[^ ()]++|[(][^ )]+[)])++)(?:[ ]+(&quot;[^&quot;]*+&quot;|\'[^\']*+\'))?\s*+[)]/', $remainder, $matches))
            {
                $Element['attributes']['href'] = $matches[1];

                if (isset($matches[2]))
                {
                    $Element['attributes']['title'] = substr($matches[2], 1, - 1);
                }

                $extent += strlen($matches[0]);
            }
            else
            {
                if (preg_match('/^\s*\[(.*?)\]/', $remainder, $matches))
                {
                    $definition = strlen($matches[1]) ? $matches[1] : $Element['handler']['argument'];
                    $definition = strtolower($definition);

                    $extent += strlen($matches[0]);
                }
                else
                {
                    $definition = strtolower($Element['handler']['argument']);
                }

                if ( ! isset($this-&gt;DefinitionData['Reference'][$definition]))
                {
                    return;
                }

                $Definition = $this-&gt;DefinitionData['Reference'][$definition];

                $Element['attributes']['href'] = $Definition['url'];
                $Element['attributes']['title'] = $Definition['title'];
            }

            return array(
                'extent' =&gt; $extent,
                'element' =&gt; $Element,
            );
        }

        protected function inlineMarkup($Excerpt)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;markupEscaped or $this-&gt;safeMode or strpos($Excerpt['text'], '&gt;') === false)
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] === '/' and preg_match('/^&lt;\/\w[\w-]*+[ ]*+&gt;/s', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; $matches[0]),
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                );
            }

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] === '!' and preg_match('/^&lt;!---?[^&gt;-](?:-?+[^-])*--&gt;/s', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; $matches[0]),
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                );
            }

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] !== ' ' and preg_match('/^&lt;\w[\w-]*+(?:[ ]*+'.$this-&gt;regexHtmlAttribute.')*+[ ]*+\/?&gt;/s', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; $matches[0]),
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineSpecialCharacter($Excerpt)
        {
            if (substr($Excerpt['text'], 1, 1) !== ' ' and strpos($Excerpt['text'], ';') !== false
                and preg_match('/^&amp;(#?+[0-9a-zA-Z]++);/', $Excerpt['text'], $matches)
            ) {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; '&amp;' . $matches[1] . ';'),
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                );
            }

            return;
        }

        protected function inlineStrikethrough($Excerpt)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Excerpt['text'][1]))
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] === '~' and preg_match('/^~~(?=\S)(.+?)(?&lt;=\S)~~/', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                return array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'del',
                        'handler' =&gt; array(
                            'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                            'argument' =&gt; $matches[1],
                            'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                        )
                    ),
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineUrl($Excerpt)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;urlsLinked !== true or ! isset($Excerpt['text'][2]) or $Excerpt['text'][2] !== '/')
            {
                return;
            }

            if (strpos($Excerpt['context'], 'http') !== false
                and preg_match('/\bhttps?+:[\/]{2}[^\s&lt;]+\b\/*+/ui', $Excerpt['context'], $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)
            ) {
                $url = $matches[0][0];

                $Inline = array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0][0]),
                    'position' =&gt; $matches[0][1],
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'a',
                        'text' =&gt; $url,
                        'attributes' =&gt; array(
                            'href' =&gt; $url,
                        ),
                    ),
                );

                return $Inline;
            }
        }

        protected function inlineUrlTag($Excerpt)
        {
            if (strpos($Excerpt['text'], '&gt;') !== false and preg_match('/^&lt;(\w++:\/{2}[^ &gt;]++)&gt;/i', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                $url = $matches[1];

                return array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'a',
                        'text' =&gt; $url,
                        'attributes' =&gt; array(
                            'href' =&gt; $url,
                        ),
                    ),
                );
            }
        }

        # ~

        protected function unmarkedText($text)
        {
            $Inline = $this-&gt;inlineText($text);
            return $this-&gt;element($Inline['element']);
        }

        #
        # Handlers
        #

        protected function handle(array $Element)
        {
            if (isset($Element['handler']))
            {
                if (!isset($Element['nonNestables']))
                {
                    $Element['nonNestables'] = array();
                }

                if (is_string($Element['handler']))
                {
                    $function = $Element['handler'];
                    $argument = $Element['text'];
                    unset($Element['text']);
                    $destination = 'rawHtml';
                }
                else
                {
                    $function = $Element['handler']['function'];
                    $argument = $Element['handler']['argument'];
                    $destination = $Element['handler']['destination'];
                }

                $Element[$destination] = $this-&gt;{$function}($argument, $Element['nonNestables']);

                if ($destination === 'handler')
                {
                    $Element = $this-&gt;handle($Element);
                }

                unset($Element['handler']);
            }

            return $Element;
        }

        protected function handleElementRecursive(array $Element)
        {
            return $this-&gt;elementApplyRecursive(array($this, 'handle'), $Element);
        }

        protected function handleElementsRecursive(array $Elements)
        {
            return $this-&gt;elementsApplyRecursive(array($this, 'handle'), $Elements);
        }

        protected function elementApplyRecursive($closure, array $Element)
        {
            $Element = call_user_func($closure, $Element);

            if (isset($Element['elements']))
            {
                $Element['elements'] = $this-&gt;elementsApplyRecursive($closure, $Element['elements']);
            }
            elseif (isset($Element['element']))
            {
                $Element['element'] = $this-&gt;elementApplyRecursive($closure, $Element['element']);
            }

            return $Element;
        }

        protected function elementApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, array $Element)
        {
            if (isset($Element['elements']))
            {
                $Element['elements'] = $this-&gt;elementsApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, $Element['elements']);
            }
            elseif (isset($Element['element']))
            {
                $Element['element'] = $this-&gt;elementsApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, $Element['element']);
            }

            $Element = call_user_func($closure, $Element);

            return $Element;
        }

        protected function elementsApplyRecursive($closure, array $Elements)
        {
            foreach ($Elements as &amp;$Element)
            {
                $Element = $this-&gt;elementApplyRecursive($closure, $Element);
            }

            return $Elements;
        }

        protected function elementsApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, array $Elements)
        {
            foreach ($Elements as &amp;$Element)
            {
                $Element = $this-&gt;elementApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, $Element);
            }

            return $Elements;
        }

        protected function element(array $Element)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;safeMode)
            {
                $Element = $this-&gt;sanitiseElement($Element);
            }

            # identity map if element has no handler
            $Element = $this-&gt;handle($Element);

            $hasName = isset($Element['name']);

            $markup = '';

            if ($hasName)
            {
                $markup .= '&lt;' . $Element['name'];

                if (isset($Element['attributes']))
                {
                    foreach ($Element['attributes'] as $name =&gt; $value)
                    {
                        if ($value === null)
                        {
                            continue;
                        }

                        $markup .= &quot; $name=\&quot;&quot;.self::escape($value).'&quot;';
                    }
                }
            }

            $permitRawHtml = false;

            if (isset($Element['text']))
            {
                $text = $Element['text'];
            }
            // very strongly consider an alternative if you're writing an
            // extension
            elseif (isset($Element['rawHtml']))
            {
                $text = $Element['rawHtml'];

                $allowRawHtmlInSafeMode = isset($Element['allowRawHtmlInSafeMode']) &amp;&amp; $Element['allowRawHtmlInSafeMode'];
                $permitRawHtml = !$this-&gt;safeMode || $allowRawHtmlInSafeMode;
            }

            $hasContent = isset($text) || isset($Element['element']) || isset($Element['elements']);

            if ($hasContent)
            {
                $markup .= $hasName ? '&gt;' : '';

                if (isset($Element['elements']))
                {
                    $markup .= $this-&gt;elements($Element['elements']);
                }
                elseif (isset($Element['element']))
                {
                    $markup .= $this-&gt;element($Element['element']);
                }
                else
                {
                    if (!$permitRawHtml)
                    {
                        $markup .= self::escape($text, true);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $markup .= $text;
                    }
                }

                $markup .= $hasName ? '&lt;/' . $Element['name'] . '&gt;' : '';
            }
            elseif ($hasName)
            {
                $markup .= ' /&gt;';
            }

            return $markup;
        }

        protected function elements(array $Elements)
        {
            $markup = '';

            $autoBreak = true;

            foreach ($Elements as $Element)
            {
                if (empty($Element))
                {
                    continue;
                }

                $autoBreakNext = (isset($Element['autobreak'])
                    ? $Element['autobreak'] : isset($Element['name'])
                );
                // (autobreak === false) covers both sides of an element
                $autoBreak = !$autoBreak ? $autoBreak : $autoBreakNext;

                $markup .= ($autoBreak ? &quot;\n&quot; : '') . $this-&gt;element($Element);
                $autoBreak = $autoBreakNext;
            }

            $markup .= $autoBreak ? &quot;\n&quot; : '';

            return $markup;
        }

        # ~

        protected function li($lines)
        {
            $Elements = $this-&gt;linesElements($lines);

            if ( ! in_array('', $lines)
                and isset($Elements[0]) and isset($Elements[0]['name'])
                and $Elements[0]['name'] === 'p'
            ) {
                unset($Elements[0]['name']);
            }

            return $Elements;
        }

        #
        # AST Convenience
        #

        /**
         * Replace occurrences $regexp with $Elements in $text. Return an array of
         * elements representing the replacement.
         */
        protected static function pregReplaceElements($regexp, $Elements, $text)
        {
            $newElements = array();

            while (preg_match($regexp, $text, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
            {
                $offset = $matches[0][1];
                $before = substr($text, 0, $offset);
                $after = substr($text, $offset + strlen($matches[0][0]));

                $newElements[] = array('text' =&gt; $before);

                foreach ($Elements as $Element)
                {
                    $newElements[] = $Element;
                }

                $text = $after;
            }

            $newElements[] = array('text' =&gt; $text);

            return $newElements;
        }

        #
        # Deprecated Methods
        #

        function parse($text)
        {
            $markup = $this-&gt;text($text);

            return $markup;
        }

        protected function sanitiseElement(array $Element)
        {
            static $goodAttribute = '/^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9-_]*+$/';
            static $safeUrlNameToAtt  = array(
                'a'   =&gt; 'href',
                'img' =&gt; 'src',
            );

            if ( ! isset($Element['name']))
            {
                unset($Element['attributes']);
                return $Element;
            }

            if (isset($safeUrlNameToAtt[$Element['name']]))
            {
                $Element = $this-&gt;filterUnsafeUrlInAttribute($Element, $safeUrlNameToAtt[$Element['name']]);
            }

            if ( ! empty($Element['attributes']))
            {
                foreach ($Element['attributes'] as $att =&gt; $val)
                {
                    # filter out badly parsed attribute
                    if ( ! preg_match($goodAttribute, $att))
                    {
                        unset($Element['attributes'][$att]);
                    }
                    # dump onevent attribute
                    elseif (self::striAtStart($att, 'on'))
                    {
                        unset($Element['attributes'][$att]);
                    }
                }
            }

            return $Element;
        }

        protected function filterUnsafeUrlInAttribute(array $Element, $attribute)
        {
            foreach ($this-&gt;safeLinksWhitelist as $scheme)
            {
                if (self::striAtStart($Element['attributes'][$attribute], $scheme))
                {
                    return $Element;
                }
            }

            $Element['attributes'][$attribute] = str_replace(':', '%3A', $Element['attributes'][$attribute]);

            return $Element;
        }

        #
        # Static Methods
        #

        protected static function escape($text, $allowQuotes = false)
        {
            return htmlspecialchars($text, $allowQuotes ? ENT_NOQUOTES : ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');
        }

        protected static function striAtStart($string, $needle)
        {
            $len = strlen($needle);

            if ($len &gt; strlen($string))
            {
                return false;
            }
            else
            {
                return strtolower(substr($string, 0, $len)) === strtolower($needle);
            }
        }

        static function instance($name = 'default')
        {
            if (isset(self::$instances[$name]))
            {
                return self::$instances[$name];
            }

            $instance = new static();

            self::$instances[$name] = $instance;

            return $instance;
        }

        private static $instances = array();

        #
        # Fields
        #

        protected $DefinitionData;

        #
        # Read-Only

        protected $specialCharacters = array(
            '\\', '`', '*', '_', '{', '}', '[', ']', '(', ')', '&gt;', '#', '+', '-', '.', '!', '|', '~'
        );

        protected $StrongRegex = array(
            '*' =&gt; '/^[*]{2}((?:\\\\\*|[^*]|[*][^*]*+[*])+?)[*]{2}(?![*])/s',
            '_' =&gt; '/^__((?:\\\\_|[^_]|_[^_]*+_)+?)__(?!_)/us',
        );

        protected $EmRegex = array(
            '*' =&gt; '/^[*]((?:\\\\\*|[^*]|[*][*][^*]+?[*][*])+?)[*](?![*])/s',
            '_' =&gt; '/^_((?:\\\\_|[^_]|__[^_]*__)+?)_(?!_)\b/us',
        );

        protected $regexHtmlAttribute = '[a-zA-Z_:][\w:.-]*+(?:\s*+=\s*+(?:[^&quot;\'=&lt;&gt;`\s]+|&quot;[^&quot;]*+&quot;|\'[^\']*+\'))?+';

        protected $voidElements = array(
            'area', 'base', 'br', 'col', 'command', 'embed', 'hr', 'img', 'input', 'link', 'meta', 'param', 'source',
        );

        protected $textLevelElements = array(
            'a', 'br', 'bdo', 'abbr', 'blink', 'nextid', 'acronym', 'basefont',
            'b', 'em', 'big', 'cite', 'small', 'spacer', 'listing',
            'i', 'rp', 'del', 'code',          'strike', 'marquee',
            'q', 'rt', 'ins', 'font',          'strong',
            's', 'tt', 'kbd', 'mark',
            'u', 'xm', 'sub', 'nobr',
                    'sup', 'ruby',
                    'var', 'span',
                    'wbr', 'time',
        );
    }
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			الذكاء الاصطناعي في مصر تطور بلا تشريع  فمن يتحمل المسؤولية؟		</h1>

		<div class="single-post-meta post-meta clearfix"><span class="date meta-item tie-icon">يونيو 10, 2025</span><div class="tie-alignright"><span class="meta-views meta-item hot"><span class="tie-icon-fire" aria-hidden="true"></span> 2٬085 </span><span class="meta-reading-time meta-item"><span class="tie-icon-bookmark" aria-hidden="true"></span> 4 دقائق</span> </div></div><!-- .post-meta -->	</div><!-- .entry-header /-->

	
	
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			<p style="text-align: right;"><em><strong> كتبت شروق عارف                                                                                                                                                    يشهد العالم تطورا غير مسبوق في التكنولوجيا، حيث أصبح الذكاء الاصطناعي قوة مؤثرة تعيد تشكيل حياتنا وتغيّر قواعد العديد من المجالات. ورغم ما يتيحه هذا التقدم من فرص واسعة، إلا أنه يثير تحديات ومخاوف، خاصة في ظل غياب تشريعات واضحة تنظم استخدامه في مجالات حساسة كالجراحة، والسيارات ذاتية القيادة، والمجال القانوني. هذا الواقع يطرح تساؤلات مهمة، أبرزها: من يتحمل المسؤولية عند حدوث خطأ؟ وتواجه مصر اليوم تحديا في سن قوانين تحمي حقوق الناس وتواكب في الوقت نفسه التقدم التكنولوجي                                                                                                                       </strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">لا قانون للذكاء الاصطناعي حتى الان                                                                                               </span></strong></em></p>
<p>صرح المحامي محمد عاطف  بأن الذكاء الاصطناعي لا يخضع حتى الآن لإطار قانوني واضح ومحدد.<br />
و لم يتم إصدار قانون شامل ينظم استخداماته حتى الآن.</p>
<p>وأوضح أنه لا يجوز قانونًا للذكاء الاصطناعي تقديم استشارات قانونية، حيث إن هذه المهام يجب أن تكون من اختصاص محامي مرخص أو جهة قانونية معترف بها، لضمان صحة المعلومات .</p>
<p>وفي ما يتعلق بالمسؤولية الطبية، أشار إلى أن الطبيب هو المسؤول الأول عن الخطأ الطبي، باعتباره صاحب القرار والمتخصص في تقديم الرعاية الصحية، وبالتالي فهو الذي يُسأل قانونًا عند وقوع أي تقصير أو إهمال.</p>
<p>أما في حالات حوادث السير، فقد بين أن السائق هو المسؤول قانونيًا عن أي خطأ يقع أثناء القيادة، لأنه هو المتحكم .<br />
وأضاف أن القانون لا يزال غير مستوعب بشكل كامل لمفهوم القيادة الذاتية، وبالتالي لا يحمل الذكاء الاصطناعي أي مسؤولية في هذا السياق حتى الآن.</p>
<p>من جانبه، أوضح المحامي الجنائي محمد علي أن الذكاء الاصطناعي لديه القدرة على تقديم استشارات أو خدمات قانونية.<br />
ولكن لا بد أن نفرق بين دوره ودور المحامي، فالمحامي لا يعتمد فقط على المعلومات، بل على فهمه العميق للقانون وظروف كل قضية، وهو ما لا يستطيع الذكاء الاصطناعي تقديمه، لأنه في النهاية مجرد أداة.</p>
<p>كما أن الذكاء الاصطناعي يمكنه المساعدة في الوصول إلى مواد قانونية أو شرح بعض المفاهيم، لكنه لا يقدم حلولًا قانونية كاملة، ولا يستطيع التعامل مع تفاصيل كل حالة على حدة كما يفعل المحامي البشري.</p>
<p>وأشار إلى أن مصر لا تمتلك حتى الآن قانونًا خاصًا ينظم الذكاء الاصطناعي.<br />
كما لا يوجد ما يمنع قانونًا استخدام أدوات الذكاء الاصطناعي في تقديم استشارات قانونية، لكن لا يمكن الاعتماد عليها كبديل عن المحامي المرخص، حيث يشترط قانون المحاماة أن تكون المرافعات والتوقيعات القانونية صادرة عن محامي معتمد من النقابة.</p>
<p>وفي المجال الطبي، أوضح أن القانون المصري لا يميز بوضوح بين الخطأ الناتج عن الإنسان والخطأ الناتج عن الذكاء الاصطناعي.<br />
فإذا وقع ضرر نتيجة استخدام أدوات مثل الروبوتات الجراحية أو أنظمة التشخيص، فإن المسؤولية تقع غالبًا على الطبيب.</p>
<p>أما فيما يخص السيارات ذاتية القيادة، فأكد أن مصر لا تملك إطارًا قانونيًا ينظمها حتى الآن.<br />
وفي حال وقوع حادث، قد تتحمل المسؤولية إما الشركة المصنعة أو مالك السيارة، حسب ظروف الحادث.</p>
<p>من جانبه، أكد المحامي المدني رامي أبو رية بأن مصطلح الذكاء الاصطناعي يعد تعبيرا فضفاضا، مما يجعل من السهل القول بأنه لا يوجد قانون محدد ينظم استخدامه.<br />
إلا أن الواقع أكثر دقة فبمجرد تفكيك المصطلح والنظر في كل مجال تُستخدم فيه التكنولوجيا المعتمدة على الذكاء الاصطناعي، نجد أن القوانين الحالية تنظم هذه الاستخدامات بشكل أو بآخر.</p>
<p>وأكد على أهمية تحديد نوع المسؤولية القانونية عند مناقشة الأطر التنظيمية للذكاء الاصطناعي، موضحًا أن الحديث هنا ينصب على المسؤولية المدنية، التي تنقسم بدورها إلى نوعين: المسؤولية العقدية  والمسؤولية التقصيرية، التي تُعد الأقرب لتطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في الوقت الراهن.</p>
<p>وأوضح أن المسؤولية التقصيرية تقوم على ثلاثة عناصر: الخطأ، والضرر، وعلاقة السببية، وهو ما تنظمه المادة 163 من القانون المدني المصري.<br />
وأعطى مثالًا على ذلك بالسيارات ذاتية القيادة، مشيرًا إلى أنها تخضع لأحكام المادة 178 من القانون المدني، التي تتعلق بمسؤولية حارس الأشياء، أي الشخص الذي يملك السيطرة الفعلية على الشيء الذي قد يُسبب ضررًا للغير.<br />
وبناءً عليه، فإن مالك أو مشغل السيارة ذاتية القيادة هو المسؤول مدنيًا عن أي ضرر ناتج عنها.</p>
<p>وفيما يتعلق باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في تقديم الاستشارات القانونية، أشار أبو رية إلى أن هذه التقنية يمكنها حاليًا توليد نصوص قانونية تُقدَّم على هيئة استشارات، لكنها لا تستطيع تطبيقها فعليًا.<br />
وقد تتضمن هذه الاستشارات معلومات عامة متداولة، أو تفاصيل دقيقة لا يعرفها سوى المتخصصين، ما قد يشكّل خطرًا على مصلحة من يطلب الاستشارة دون الرجوع إلى مختص بشري.</p>
<p>صرّحت الأستاذة هند توفيق، المحامية المتخصصة بالإستئناف العالي بأن استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في مصر يخضع لإطار قانوني واضح، حيث ينظمه قانون حماية البيانات الشخصية الصادر عام 2020، بالإضافة إلى قانون مكافحة جرائم تقنية المعلومات لسنة 2018، ما يضع استخدام هذه التكنولوجيا تحت الرقابة القانونية.</p>
<p>وأوضحت أن الذكاء الاصطناعي يمكن الاستفادة منه في تقديم استشارات وآراء قانونية أو خدمات مساعدة، مؤكدة على استخدامه بشكل فعلي في الأبحاث القانونية وصياغة المذكرات، إلا أن هذه الأدوات لا تحمل طابعًا رسميًا، ويمكن الاعتماد عليها كمصدر تمهيدي أو مساعد، لا أكثر.</p>
<p>وفيما يتعلق بالمسؤولية القانونية في حالة الأخطاء الطبية الناتجة عن استخدام الروبوتات، أكدت أن هناك شقين للمساءلة: جنائي ومدني. ففي الشق الجنائي، يُعد الروبوت بمثابة أداة جراحية، وأي خلل ناتج عنه يؤدي إلى مساءلة الطبيب جنائيًا بتهمة القتل أو الإصابة الخطأ، وفقًا للضرر الواقع. أما في الشق المدني، فالمسؤولية تقع على الطبيب كذلك، باعتبارها مسؤولية تقصيرية، مضيفة أن القانون المدني المصري يتضمن مفهوم “مسؤولية حارس الأشياء”، والتي يمكن تطبيقها على الروبوت باعتباره شيئًا ماديًا، مما يرتب تعويضًا مدنيًا عن الضرر.</p>
<p>وبالنسبة للحوادث الناجمة عن السيارات ذاتية القيادة، أوضحت أن المبدأ نفسه ينطبق؛ حيث يُسأل مالك السيارة مدنيًا، ما لم يثبت أن العطل ناتج عن خلل تقني أو عيب مصنعي، مع تأكيده على اتخاذه الاحتياطات اللازمة. أما من الناحية الجنائية، فلا يوجد حتى الآن نص قانوني واضح يعالج هذه الحالة.</p>
<p>وفي تقييمها للتأثير الاقتصادي للذكاء الاصطناعي، شددت الأستاذة هند على أن هذه التكنولوجيا باتت تمثل خطرًا حقيقيًا على العديد من المهن، خصوصًا تلك التي تعتمد على المهارات الذهنية، مثل مهنة المحاماة والقضاء. لكنها أوضحت أن الوضع في مصر يختلف، إذ لا يمكن الاعتماد كليًا على الذكاء الاصطناعي في تحقيق العدالة، بسبب الطبيعة البشرية لتكوين قناعة القاضي واستنباط القرائن، وهو ما لا تستطيع الخوارزميات محاكاته حتى الآن.</p>
<p>واختتمت حديثها قائلة: “من يعلم؟! ربما نشهد بعد سنوات قليلة طفرة جديدة تجعل الذكاء الاصطناعي قادراً على أداء مهام لم نكن نتخيل أن يفعلها. منذ أربعين عامًا، لو قال لنا أحد أننا سنتحدث اليوم عبر جهاز يسمى الموبايل ونتبادل الرسائل الإلكترونية، لكنا اتهمناه بالجنون”.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>لم يعد الذكاء الاصطناعي مجرد فكرة مستقبلية، بل أصبح واقع نعيشه ، ودخل مجالات حساسة تمس حياة الناس بشكل مباشر.<br />
ومع هذا الانتشار السريع، يظل القانون في مصر متأخرًا عن مواكبة هذا التطور، فلا توجد تشريعات واضحة تحدد من المسؤول عند وقوع الخطأ.<br />
ولهذا، فإن وضع إطار قانوني ينظم استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي أصبح ضرورة لا تحتمل التأجيل، لحماية الحقوق وضمان الاستخدام الآمن والعادل لهذه التكنولوجيا.</p>

			
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