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<div class='alert alert-info'><strong>/home/tahkoom/public_html/wp-content/plugins/chatbot/inc/parsedown.php</strong></div><pre class='file-content'>&lt;?php

#
#
# Parsedown
# http://parsedown.org
#
# (c) Emanuil Rusev
# http://erusev.com
#
# For the full license information, view the LICENSE file that was distributed
# with this source code.
#
#
if(!class_exists('Parsedown')){
    class Parsedown
    {
        # ~

        const version = '1.8.0-beta-7';

        # ~

        function text($text)
        {
            $Elements = $this-&gt;textElements($text);

            # convert to markup
            $markup = $this-&gt;elements($Elements);

            # trim line breaks
            $markup = trim($markup, &quot;\n&quot;);

            return $markup;
        }

        protected function textElements($text)
        {
            # make sure no definitions are set
            $this-&gt;DefinitionData = array();

            # standardize line breaks
            $text = str_replace(array(&quot;\r\n&quot;, &quot;\r&quot;), &quot;\n&quot;, $text);

            # remove surrounding line breaks
            $text = trim($text, &quot;\n&quot;);

            # split text into lines
            $lines = explode(&quot;\n&quot;, $text);

            # iterate through lines to identify blocks
            return $this-&gt;linesElements($lines);
        }

        #
        # Setters
        #

        function setBreaksEnabled($breaksEnabled)
        {
            $this-&gt;breaksEnabled = $breaksEnabled;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $breaksEnabled;

        function setMarkupEscaped($markupEscaped)
        {
            $this-&gt;markupEscaped = $markupEscaped;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $markupEscaped;

        function setUrlsLinked($urlsLinked)
        {
            $this-&gt;urlsLinked = $urlsLinked;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $urlsLinked = true;

        function setSafeMode($safeMode)
        {
            $this-&gt;safeMode = (bool) $safeMode;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $safeMode;

        function setStrictMode($strictMode)
        {
            $this-&gt;strictMode = (bool) $strictMode;

            return $this;
        }

        protected $strictMode;

        protected $safeLinksWhitelist = array(
            'http://',
            'https://',
            'ftp://',
            'ftps://',
            'mailto:',
            'tel:',
            'data:image/png;base64,',
            'data:image/gif;base64,',
            'data:image/jpeg;base64,',
            'irc:',
            'ircs:',
            'git:',
            'ssh:',
            'news:',
            'steam:',
        );

        #
        # Lines
        #

        protected $BlockTypes = array(
            '#' =&gt; array('Header'),
            '*' =&gt; array('Rule', 'List'),
            '+' =&gt; array('List'),
            '-' =&gt; array('SetextHeader', 'Table', 'Rule', 'List'),
            '0' =&gt; array('List'),
            '1' =&gt; array('List'),
            '2' =&gt; array('List'),
            '3' =&gt; array('List'),
            '4' =&gt; array('List'),
            '5' =&gt; array('List'),
            '6' =&gt; array('List'),
            '7' =&gt; array('List'),
            '8' =&gt; array('List'),
            '9' =&gt; array('List'),
            ':' =&gt; array('Table'),
            '&lt;' =&gt; array('Comment', 'Markup'),
            '=' =&gt; array('SetextHeader'),
            '&gt;' =&gt; array('Quote'),
            '[' =&gt; array('Reference'),
            '_' =&gt; array('Rule'),
            '`' =&gt; array('FencedCode'),
            '|' =&gt; array('Table'),
            '~' =&gt; array('FencedCode'),
        );

        # ~

        protected $unmarkedBlockTypes = array(
            'Code',
        );

        #
        # Blocks
        #

        protected function lines(array $lines)
        {
            return $this-&gt;elements($this-&gt;linesElements($lines));
        }

        protected function linesElements(array $lines)
        {
            $Elements = array();
            $CurrentBlock = null;

            foreach ($lines as $line)
            {
                if (chop($line) === '')
                {
                    if (isset($CurrentBlock))
                    {
                        $CurrentBlock['interrupted'] = (isset($CurrentBlock['interrupted'])
                            ? $CurrentBlock['interrupted'] + 1 : 1
                        );
                    }

                    continue;
                }

                while (($beforeTab = strstr($line, &quot;\t&quot;, true)) !== false)
                {
                    $shortage = 4 - mb_strlen($beforeTab, 'utf-8') % 4;

                    $line = $beforeTab
                        . str_repeat(' ', $shortage)
                        . substr($line, strlen($beforeTab) + 1)
                    ;
                }

                $indent = strspn($line, ' ');

                $text = $indent &gt; 0 ? substr($line, $indent) : $line;

                # ~

                $Line = array('body' =&gt; $line, 'indent' =&gt; $indent, 'text' =&gt; $text);

                # ~

                if (isset($CurrentBlock['continuable']))
                {
                    $methodName = 'block' . $CurrentBlock['type'] . 'Continue';
                    $Block = $this-&gt;$methodName($Line, $CurrentBlock);

                    if (isset($Block))
                    {
                        $CurrentBlock = $Block;

                        continue;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if ($this-&gt;isBlockCompletable($CurrentBlock['type']))
                        {
                            $methodName = 'block' . $CurrentBlock['type'] . 'Complete';
                            $CurrentBlock = $this-&gt;$methodName($CurrentBlock);
                        }
                    }
                }

                # ~

                $marker = $text[0];

                # ~

                $blockTypes = $this-&gt;unmarkedBlockTypes;

                if (isset($this-&gt;BlockTypes[$marker]))
                {
                    foreach ($this-&gt;BlockTypes[$marker] as $blockType)
                    {
                        $blockTypes []= $blockType;
                    }
                }

                #
                # ~

                foreach ($blockTypes as $blockType)
                {
                    $Block = $this-&gt;{&quot;block$blockType&quot;}($Line, $CurrentBlock);

                    if (isset($Block))
                    {
                        $Block['type'] = $blockType;

                        if ( ! isset($Block['identified']))
                        {
                            if (isset($CurrentBlock))
                            {
                                $Elements[] = $this-&gt;extractElement($CurrentBlock);
                            }

                            $Block['identified'] = true;
                        }

                        if ($this-&gt;isBlockContinuable($blockType))
                        {
                            $Block['continuable'] = true;
                        }

                        $CurrentBlock = $Block;

                        continue 2;
                    }
                }

                # ~

                if (isset($CurrentBlock) and $CurrentBlock['type'] === 'Paragraph')
                {
                    $Block = $this-&gt;paragraphContinue($Line, $CurrentBlock);
                }

                if (isset($Block))
                {
                    $CurrentBlock = $Block;
                }
                else
                {
                    if (isset($CurrentBlock))
                    {
                        $Elements[] = $this-&gt;extractElement($CurrentBlock);
                    }

                    $CurrentBlock = $this-&gt;paragraph($Line);

                    $CurrentBlock['identified'] = true;
                }
            }

            # ~

            if (isset($CurrentBlock['continuable']) and $this-&gt;isBlockCompletable($CurrentBlock['type']))
            {
                $methodName = 'block' . $CurrentBlock['type'] . 'Complete';
                $CurrentBlock = $this-&gt;$methodName($CurrentBlock);
            }

            # ~

            if (isset($CurrentBlock))
            {
                $Elements[] = $this-&gt;extractElement($CurrentBlock);
            }

            # ~

            return $Elements;
        }

        protected function extractElement(array $Component)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Component['element']))
            {
                if (isset($Component['markup']))
                {
                    $Component['element'] = array('rawHtml' =&gt; $Component['markup']);
                }
                elseif (isset($Component['hidden']))
                {
                    $Component['element'] = array();
                }
            }

            return $Component['element'];
        }

        protected function isBlockContinuable($Type)
        {
            return method_exists($this, 'block' . $Type . 'Continue');
        }

        protected function isBlockCompletable($Type)
        {
            return method_exists($this, 'block' . $Type . 'Complete');
        }

        #
        # Code

        protected function blockCode($Line, $Block = null)
        {
            if (isset($Block) and $Block['type'] === 'Paragraph' and ! isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Line['indent'] &gt;= 4)
            {
                $text = substr($Line['body'], 4);

                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'pre',
                        'element' =&gt; array(
                            'name' =&gt; 'code',
                            'text' =&gt; $text,
                        ),
                    ),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockCodeContinue($Line, $Block)
        {
            if ($Line['indent'] &gt;= 4)
            {
                if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
                {
                    $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= str_repeat(&quot;\n&quot;, $Block['interrupted']);

                    unset($Block['interrupted']);
                }

                $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= &quot;\n&quot;;

                $text = substr($Line['body'], 4);

                $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= $text;

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockCodeComplete($Block)
        {
            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Comment

        protected function blockComment($Line)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;markupEscaped or $this-&gt;safeMode)
            {
                return;
            }

            if (strpos($Line['text'], '&lt;!--') === 0)
            {
                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'rawHtml' =&gt; $Line['body'],
                        'autobreak' =&gt; true,
                    ),
                );

                if (strpos($Line['text'], '--&gt;') !== false)
                {
                    $Block['closed'] = true;
                }

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockCommentContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['closed']))
            {
                return;
            }

            $Block['element']['rawHtml'] .= &quot;\n&quot; . $Line['body'];

            if (strpos($Line['text'], '--&gt;') !== false)
            {
                $Block['closed'] = true;
            }

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Fenced Code

        protected function blockFencedCode($Line)
        {
            $marker = $Line['text'][0];

            $openerLength = strspn($Line['text'], $marker);

            if ($openerLength &lt; 3)
            {
                return;
            }

            $infostring = trim(substr($Line['text'], $openerLength), &quot;\t &quot;);

            if (strpos($infostring, '`') !== false)
            {
                return;
            }

            $Element = array(
                'name' =&gt; 'code',
                'text' =&gt; '',
            );

            if ($infostring !== '')
            {
                /**
                 * https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/elements.html#classes
                 * Every HTML element may have a class attribute specified.
                 * The attribute, if specified, must have a value that is a set
                 * of space-separated tokens representing the various classes
                 * that the element belongs to.
                 * [...]
                 * The space characters, for the purposes of this specification,
                 * are U+0020 SPACE, U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab),
                 * U+000A LINE FEED (LF), U+000C FORM FEED (FF), and
                 * U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR).
                 */
                $language = substr($infostring, 0, strcspn($infostring, &quot; \t\n\f\r&quot;));

                $Element['attributes'] = array('class' =&gt; &quot;language-$language&quot;);
            }

            $Block = array(
                'char' =&gt; $marker,
                'openerLength' =&gt; $openerLength,
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'pre',
                    'element' =&gt; $Element,
                ),
            );

            return $Block;
        }

        protected function blockFencedCodeContinue($Line, $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['complete']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= str_repeat(&quot;\n&quot;, $Block['interrupted']);

                unset($Block['interrupted']);
            }

            if (($len = strspn($Line['text'], $Block['char'])) &gt;= $Block['openerLength']
                and chop(substr($Line['text'], $len), ' ') === ''
            ) {
                $Block['element']['element']['text'] = substr($Block['element']['element']['text'], 1);

                $Block['complete'] = true;

                return $Block;
            }

            $Block['element']['element']['text'] .= &quot;\n&quot; . $Line['body'];

            return $Block;
        }

        protected function blockFencedCodeComplete($Block)
        {
            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Header

        protected function blockHeader($Line)
        {
            $level = strspn($Line['text'], '#');

            if ($level &gt; 6)
            {
                return;
            }

            $text = trim($Line['text'], '#');

            if ($this-&gt;strictMode and isset($text[0]) and $text[0] !== ' ')
            {
                return;
            }

            $text = trim($text, ' ');

            $Block = array(
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'h' . $level,
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                        'argument' =&gt; $text,
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                    )
                ),
            );

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # List

        protected function blockList($Line, ?array $CurrentBlock = null)
        {
            list($name, $pattern) = $Line['text'][0] &lt;= '-' ? array('ul', '[*+-]') : array('ol', '[0-9]{1,9}+[.\)]');

            if (preg_match('/^('.$pattern.'([ ]++|$))(.*+)/', $Line['text'], $matches))
            {
                $contentIndent = strlen($matches[2]);

                if ($contentIndent &gt;= 5)
                {
                    $contentIndent -= 1;
                    $matches[1] = substr($matches[1], 0, -$contentIndent);
                    $matches[3] = str_repeat(' ', $contentIndent) . $matches[3];
                }
                elseif ($contentIndent === 0)
                {
                    $matches[1] .= ' ';
                }

                $markerWithoutWhitespace = strstr($matches[1], ' ', true);

                $Block = array(
                    'indent' =&gt; $Line['indent'],
                    'pattern' =&gt; $pattern,
                    'data' =&gt; array(
                        'type' =&gt; $name,
                        'marker' =&gt; $matches[1],
                        'markerType' =&gt; ($name === 'ul' ? $markerWithoutWhitespace : substr($markerWithoutWhitespace, -1)),
                    ),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; $name,
                        'elements' =&gt; array(),
                    ),
                );
                $Block['data']['markerTypeRegex'] = preg_quote($Block['data']['markerType'], '/');

                if ($name === 'ol')
                {
                    $listStart = ltrim(strstr($matches[1], $Block['data']['markerType'], true), '0') ?: '0';

                    if ($listStart !== '1')
                    {
                        if (
                            isset($CurrentBlock)
                            and $CurrentBlock['type'] === 'Paragraph'
                            and ! isset($CurrentBlock['interrupted'])
                        ) {
                            return;
                        }

                        $Block['element']['attributes'] = array('start' =&gt; $listStart);
                    }
                }

                $Block['li'] = array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'li',
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'li',
                        'argument' =&gt; !empty($matches[3]) ? array($matches[3]) : array(),
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements'
                    )
                );

                $Block['element']['elements'] []= &amp; $Block['li'];

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockListContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['interrupted']) and empty($Block['li']['handler']['argument']))
            {
                return null;
            }

            $requiredIndent = ($Block['indent'] + strlen($Block['data']['marker']));

            if ($Line['indent'] &lt; $requiredIndent
                and (
                    (
                        $Block['data']['type'] === 'ol'
                        and preg_match('/^[0-9]++'.$Block['data']['markerTypeRegex'].'(?:[ ]++(.*)|$)/', $Line['text'], $matches)
                    ) or (
                        $Block['data']['type'] === 'ul'
                        and preg_match('/^'.$Block['data']['markerTypeRegex'].'(?:[ ]++(.*)|$)/', $Line['text'], $matches)
                    )
                )
            ) {
                if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
                {
                    $Block['li']['handler']['argument'] []= '';

                    $Block['loose'] = true;

                    unset($Block['interrupted']);
                }

                unset($Block['li']);

                $text = isset($matches[1]) ? $matches[1] : '';

                $Block['indent'] = $Line['indent'];

                $Block['li'] = array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'li',
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'li',
                        'argument' =&gt; array($text),
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements'
                    )
                );

                $Block['element']['elements'] []= &amp; $Block['li'];

                return $Block;
            }
            elseif ($Line['indent'] &lt; $requiredIndent and $this-&gt;blockList($Line))
            {
                return null;
            }

            if ($Line['text'][0] === '[' and $this-&gt;blockReference($Line))
            {
                return $Block;
            }

            if ($Line['indent'] &gt;= $requiredIndent)
            {
                if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
                {
                    $Block['li']['handler']['argument'] []= '';

                    $Block['loose'] = true;

                    unset($Block['interrupted']);
                }

                $text = substr($Line['body'], $requiredIndent);

                $Block['li']['handler']['argument'] []= $text;

                return $Block;
            }

            if ( ! isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                $text = preg_replace('/^[ ]{0,'.$requiredIndent.'}+/', '', $Line['body']);

                $Block['li']['handler']['argument'] []= $text;

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockListComplete(array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['loose']))
            {
                foreach ($Block['element']['elements'] as &amp;$li)
                {
                    if (end($li['handler']['argument']) !== '')
                    {
                        $li['handler']['argument'] []= '';
                    }
                }
            }

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Quote

        protected function blockQuote($Line)
        {
            if (preg_match('/^&gt;[ ]?+(.*+)/', $Line['text'], $matches))
            {
                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'blockquote',
                        'handler' =&gt; array(
                            'function' =&gt; 'linesElements',
                            'argument' =&gt; (array) $matches[1],
                            'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                        )
                    ),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockQuoteContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Line['text'][0] === '&gt;' and preg_match('/^&gt;[ ]?+(.*+)/', $Line['text'], $matches))
            {
                $Block['element']['handler']['argument'] []= $matches[1];

                return $Block;
            }

            if ( ! isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                $Block['element']['handler']['argument'] []= $Line['text'];

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # Rule

        protected function blockRule($Line)
        {
            $marker = $Line['text'][0];

            if (substr_count($Line['text'], $marker) &gt;= 3 and chop($Line['text'], &quot; $marker&quot;) === '')
            {
                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'hr',
                    ),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # Setext

        protected function blockSetextHeader($Line, ?array $Block = null)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Block) or $Block['type'] !== 'Paragraph' or isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Line['indent'] &lt; 4 and chop(chop($Line['text'], ' '), $Line['text'][0]) === '')
            {
                $Block['element']['name'] = $Line['text'][0] === '=' ? 'h1' : 'h2';

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # Markup

        protected function blockMarkup($Line)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;markupEscaped or $this-&gt;safeMode)
            {
                return;
            }

            if (preg_match('/^&lt;[\/]?+(\w*)(?:[ ]*+'.$this-&gt;regexHtmlAttribute.')*+[ ]*+(\/)?&gt;/', $Line['text'], $matches))
            {
                $element = strtolower($matches[1]);

                if (in_array($element, $this-&gt;textLevelElements))
                {
                    return;
                }

                $Block = array(
                    'name' =&gt; $matches[1],
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'rawHtml' =&gt; $Line['text'],
                        'autobreak' =&gt; true,
                    ),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        protected function blockMarkupContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['closed']) or isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            $Block['element']['rawHtml'] .= &quot;\n&quot; . $Line['body'];

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Reference

        protected function blockReference($Line)
        {
            if (strpos($Line['text'], ']') !== false
                and preg_match('/^\[(.+?)\]:[ ]*+&lt;?(\S+?)&gt;?(?:[ ]+[&quot;\'(](.+)[&quot;\')])?[ ]*+$/', $Line['text'], $matches)
            ) {
                $id = strtolower($matches[1]);

                $Data = array(
                    'url' =&gt; $matches[2],
                    'title' =&gt; isset($matches[3]) ? $matches[3] : null,
                );

                $this-&gt;DefinitionData['Reference'][$id] = $Data;

                $Block = array(
                    'element' =&gt; array(),
                );

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # Table

        protected function blockTable($Line, ?array $Block = null)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Block) or $Block['type'] !== 'Paragraph' or isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if (
                strpos($Block['element']['handler']['argument'], '|') === false
                and strpos($Line['text'], '|') === false
                and strpos($Line['text'], ':') === false
                or strpos($Block['element']['handler']['argument'], &quot;\n&quot;) !== false
            ) {
                return;
            }

            if (chop($Line['text'], ' -:|') !== '')
            {
                return;
            }

            $alignments = array();

            $divider = $Line['text'];

            $divider = trim($divider);
            $divider = trim($divider, '|');

            $dividerCells = explode('|', $divider);

            foreach ($dividerCells as $dividerCell)
            {
                $dividerCell = trim($dividerCell);

                if ($dividerCell === '')
                {
                    return;
                }

                $alignment = null;

                if ($dividerCell[0] === ':')
                {
                    $alignment = 'left';
                }

                if (substr($dividerCell, - 1) === ':')
                {
                    $alignment = $alignment === 'left' ? 'center' : 'right';
                }

                $alignments []= $alignment;
            }

            # ~

            $HeaderElements = array();

            $header = $Block['element']['handler']['argument'];

            $header = trim($header);
            $header = trim($header, '|');

            $headerCells = explode('|', $header);

            if (count($headerCells) !== count($alignments))
            {
                return;
            }

            foreach ($headerCells as $index =&gt; $headerCell)
            {
                $headerCell = trim($headerCell);

                $HeaderElement = array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'th',
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                        'argument' =&gt; $headerCell,
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                    )
                );

                if (isset($alignments[$index]))
                {
                    $alignment = $alignments[$index];

                    $HeaderElement['attributes'] = array(
                        'style' =&gt; &quot;text-align: $alignment;&quot;,
                    );
                }

                $HeaderElements []= $HeaderElement;
            }

            # ~

            $Block = array(
                'alignments' =&gt; $alignments,
                'identified' =&gt; true,
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'table',
                    'elements' =&gt; array(),
                ),
            );

            $Block['element']['elements'] []= array(
                'name' =&gt; 'thead',
            );

            $Block['element']['elements'] []= array(
                'name' =&gt; 'tbody',
                'elements' =&gt; array(),
            );

            $Block['element']['elements'][0]['elements'] []= array(
                'name' =&gt; 'tr',
                'elements' =&gt; $HeaderElements,
            );

            return $Block;
        }

        protected function blockTableContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            if (count($Block['alignments']) === 1 or $Line['text'][0] === '|' or strpos($Line['text'], '|'))
            {
                $Elements = array();

                $row = $Line['text'];

                $row = trim($row);
                $row = trim($row, '|');

                preg_match_all('/(?:(\\\\[|])|[^|`]|`[^`]++`|`)++/', $row, $matches);

                $cells = array_slice($matches[0], 0, count($Block['alignments']));

                foreach ($cells as $index =&gt; $cell)
                {
                    $cell = trim($cell);

                    $Element = array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'td',
                        'handler' =&gt; array(
                            'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                            'argument' =&gt; $cell,
                            'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                        )
                    );

                    if (isset($Block['alignments'][$index]))
                    {
                        $Element['attributes'] = array(
                            'style' =&gt; 'text-align: ' . $Block['alignments'][$index] . ';',
                        );
                    }

                    $Elements []= $Element;
                }

                $Element = array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'tr',
                    'elements' =&gt; $Elements,
                );

                $Block['element']['elements'][1]['elements'] []= $Element;

                return $Block;
            }
        }

        #
        # ~
        #

        protected function paragraph($Line)
        {
            return array(
                'type' =&gt; 'Paragraph',
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'p',
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                        'argument' =&gt; $Line['text'],
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                    ),
                ),
            );
        }

        protected function paragraphContinue($Line, array $Block)
        {
            if (isset($Block['interrupted']))
            {
                return;
            }

            $Block['element']['handler']['argument'] .= &quot;\n&quot;.$Line['text'];

            return $Block;
        }

        #
        # Inline Elements
        #

        protected $InlineTypes = array(
            '!' =&gt; array('Image'),
            '&amp;' =&gt; array('SpecialCharacter'),
            '*' =&gt; array('Emphasis'),
            ':' =&gt; array('Url'),
            '&lt;' =&gt; array('UrlTag', 'EmailTag', 'Markup'),
            '[' =&gt; array('Link'),
            '_' =&gt; array('Emphasis'),
            '`' =&gt; array('Code'),
            '~' =&gt; array('Strikethrough'),
            '\\' =&gt; array('EscapeSequence'),
        );

        # ~

        protected $inlineMarkerList = '!*_&amp;[:&lt;`~\\';

        #
        # ~
        #

        public function line($text, $nonNestables = array())
        {
            return $this-&gt;elements($this-&gt;lineElements($text, $nonNestables));
        }

        protected function lineElements($text, $nonNestables = array())
        {
            # standardize line breaks
            $text = str_replace(array(&quot;\r\n&quot;, &quot;\r&quot;), &quot;\n&quot;, $text);

            $Elements = array();

            $nonNestables = (empty($nonNestables)
                ? array()
                : array_combine($nonNestables, $nonNestables)
            );

            # $excerpt is based on the first occurrence of a marker

            while ($excerpt = strpbrk($text, $this-&gt;inlineMarkerList))
            {
                $marker = $excerpt[0];

                $markerPosition = strlen($text) - strlen($excerpt);

                $Excerpt = array('text' =&gt; $excerpt, 'context' =&gt; $text);

                foreach ($this-&gt;InlineTypes[$marker] as $inlineType)
                {
                    # check to see if the current inline type is nestable in the current context

                    if (isset($nonNestables[$inlineType]))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    $Inline = $this-&gt;{&quot;inline$inlineType&quot;}($Excerpt);

                    if ( ! isset($Inline))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    # makes sure that the inline belongs to &quot;our&quot; marker

                    if (isset($Inline['position']) and $Inline['position'] &gt; $markerPosition)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    # sets a default inline position

                    if ( ! isset($Inline['position']))
                    {
                        $Inline['position'] = $markerPosition;
                    }

                    # cause the new element to 'inherit' our non nestables


                    $Inline['element']['nonNestables'] = isset($Inline['element']['nonNestables'])
                        ? array_merge($Inline['element']['nonNestables'], $nonNestables)
                        : $nonNestables
                    ;

                    # the text that comes before the inline
                    $unmarkedText = substr($text, 0, $Inline['position']);

                    # compile the unmarked text
                    $InlineText = $this-&gt;inlineText($unmarkedText);
                    $Elements[] = $InlineText['element'];

                    # compile the inline
                    $Elements[] = $this-&gt;extractElement($Inline);

                    # remove the examined text
                    $text = substr($text, $Inline['position'] + $Inline['extent']);

                    continue 2;
                }

                # the marker does not belong to an inline

                $unmarkedText = substr($text, 0, $markerPosition + 1);

                $InlineText = $this-&gt;inlineText($unmarkedText);
                $Elements[] = $InlineText['element'];

                $text = substr($text, $markerPosition + 1);
            }

            $InlineText = $this-&gt;inlineText($text);
            $Elements[] = $InlineText['element'];

            foreach ($Elements as &amp;$Element)
            {
                if ( ! isset($Element['autobreak']))
                {
                    $Element['autobreak'] = false;
                }
            }

            return $Elements;
        }

        #
        # ~
        #

        protected function inlineText($text)
        {
            $Inline = array(
                'extent' =&gt; strlen($text),
                'element' =&gt; array(),
            );

            $Inline['element']['elements'] = self::pregReplaceElements(
                $this-&gt;breaksEnabled ? '/[ ]*+\n/' : '/(?:[ ]*+\\\\|[ ]{2,}+)\n/',
                array(
                    array('name' =&gt; 'br'),
                    array('text' =&gt; &quot;\n&quot;),
                ),
                $text
            );

            return $Inline;
        }

        protected function inlineCode($Excerpt)
        {
            $marker = $Excerpt['text'][0];

            if (preg_match('/^(['.$marker.']++)[ ]*+(.+?)[ ]*+(?&lt;!['.$marker.'])\1(?!'.$marker.')/s', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                $text = $matches[2];
                $text = preg_replace('/[ ]*+\n/', ' ', $text);

                return array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'code',
                        'text' =&gt; $text,
                    ),
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineEmailTag($Excerpt)
        {
            $hostnameLabel = '[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?';

            $commonMarkEmail = '[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&amp;\'*+\/=?^_`{|}~-]++@'
                . $hostnameLabel . '(?:\.' . $hostnameLabel . ')*';

            if (strpos($Excerpt['text'], '&gt;') !== false
                and preg_match(&quot;/^&lt;((mailto:)?$commonMarkEmail)&gt;/i&quot;, $Excerpt['text'], $matches)
            ){
                $url = $matches[1];

                if ( ! isset($matches[2]))
                {
                    $url = &quot;mailto:$url&quot;;
                }

                return array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'a',
                        'text' =&gt; $matches[1],
                        'attributes' =&gt; array(
                            'href' =&gt; $url,
                        ),
                    ),
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineEmphasis($Excerpt)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Excerpt['text'][1]))
            {
                return;
            }

            $marker = $Excerpt['text'][0];

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] === $marker and preg_match($this-&gt;StrongRegex[$marker], $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                $emphasis = 'strong';
            }
            elseif (preg_match($this-&gt;EmRegex[$marker], $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                $emphasis = 'em';
            }
            else
            {
                return;
            }

            return array(
                'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; $emphasis,
                    'handler' =&gt; array(
                        'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                        'argument' =&gt; $matches[1],
                        'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                    )
                ),
            );
        }

        protected function inlineEscapeSequence($Excerpt)
        {
            if (isset($Excerpt['text'][1]) and in_array($Excerpt['text'][1], $this-&gt;specialCharacters))
            {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; $Excerpt['text'][1]),
                    'extent' =&gt; 2,
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineImage($Excerpt)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Excerpt['text'][1]) or $Excerpt['text'][1] !== '[')
            {
                return;
            }

            $Excerpt['text']= substr($Excerpt['text'], 1);

            $Link = $this-&gt;inlineLink($Excerpt);

            if ($Link === null)
            {
                return;
            }

            $Inline = array(
                'extent' =&gt; $Link['extent'] + 1,
                'element' =&gt; array(
                    'name' =&gt; 'img',
                    'attributes' =&gt; array(
                        'src' =&gt; $Link['element']['attributes']['href'],
                        'alt' =&gt; $Link['element']['handler']['argument'],
                    ),
                    'autobreak' =&gt; true,
                ),
            );

            $Inline['element']['attributes'] += $Link['element']['attributes'];

            unset($Inline['element']['attributes']['href']);

            return $Inline;
        }

        protected function inlineLink($Excerpt)
        {
            $Element = array(
                'name' =&gt; 'a',
                'handler' =&gt; array(
                    'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                    'argument' =&gt; null,
                    'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                ),
                'nonNestables' =&gt; array('Url', 'Link'),
                'attributes' =&gt; array(
                    'href' =&gt; null,
                    'title' =&gt; null,
                ),
            );

            $extent = 0;

            $remainder = $Excerpt['text'];

            if (preg_match('/\[((?:[^][]++|(?R))*+)\]/', $remainder, $matches))
            {
                $Element['handler']['argument'] = $matches[1];

                $extent += strlen($matches[0]);

                $remainder = substr($remainder, $extent);
            }
            else
            {
                return;
            }

            if (preg_match('/^[(]\s*+((?:[^ ()]++|[(][^ )]+[)])++)(?:[ ]+(&quot;[^&quot;]*+&quot;|\'[^\']*+\'))?\s*+[)]/', $remainder, $matches))
            {
                $Element['attributes']['href'] = $matches[1];

                if (isset($matches[2]))
                {
                    $Element['attributes']['title'] = substr($matches[2], 1, - 1);
                }

                $extent += strlen($matches[0]);
            }
            else
            {
                if (preg_match('/^\s*\[(.*?)\]/', $remainder, $matches))
                {
                    $definition = strlen($matches[1]) ? $matches[1] : $Element['handler']['argument'];
                    $definition = strtolower($definition);

                    $extent += strlen($matches[0]);
                }
                else
                {
                    $definition = strtolower($Element['handler']['argument']);
                }

                if ( ! isset($this-&gt;DefinitionData['Reference'][$definition]))
                {
                    return;
                }

                $Definition = $this-&gt;DefinitionData['Reference'][$definition];

                $Element['attributes']['href'] = $Definition['url'];
                $Element['attributes']['title'] = $Definition['title'];
            }

            return array(
                'extent' =&gt; $extent,
                'element' =&gt; $Element,
            );
        }

        protected function inlineMarkup($Excerpt)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;markupEscaped or $this-&gt;safeMode or strpos($Excerpt['text'], '&gt;') === false)
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] === '/' and preg_match('/^&lt;\/\w[\w-]*+[ ]*+&gt;/s', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; $matches[0]),
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                );
            }

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] === '!' and preg_match('/^&lt;!---?[^&gt;-](?:-?+[^-])*--&gt;/s', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; $matches[0]),
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                );
            }

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] !== ' ' and preg_match('/^&lt;\w[\w-]*+(?:[ ]*+'.$this-&gt;regexHtmlAttribute.')*+[ ]*+\/?&gt;/s', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; $matches[0]),
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineSpecialCharacter($Excerpt)
        {
            if (substr($Excerpt['text'], 1, 1) !== ' ' and strpos($Excerpt['text'], ';') !== false
                and preg_match('/^&amp;(#?+[0-9a-zA-Z]++);/', $Excerpt['text'], $matches)
            ) {
                return array(
                    'element' =&gt; array('rawHtml' =&gt; '&amp;' . $matches[1] . ';'),
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                );
            }

            return;
        }

        protected function inlineStrikethrough($Excerpt)
        {
            if ( ! isset($Excerpt['text'][1]))
            {
                return;
            }

            if ($Excerpt['text'][1] === '~' and preg_match('/^~~(?=\S)(.+?)(?&lt;=\S)~~/', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                return array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'del',
                        'handler' =&gt; array(
                            'function' =&gt; 'lineElements',
                            'argument' =&gt; $matches[1],
                            'destination' =&gt; 'elements',
                        )
                    ),
                );
            }
        }

        protected function inlineUrl($Excerpt)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;urlsLinked !== true or ! isset($Excerpt['text'][2]) or $Excerpt['text'][2] !== '/')
            {
                return;
            }

            if (strpos($Excerpt['context'], 'http') !== false
                and preg_match('/\bhttps?+:[\/]{2}[^\s&lt;]+\b\/*+/ui', $Excerpt['context'], $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)
            ) {
                $url = $matches[0][0];

                $Inline = array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0][0]),
                    'position' =&gt; $matches[0][1],
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'a',
                        'text' =&gt; $url,
                        'attributes' =&gt; array(
                            'href' =&gt; $url,
                        ),
                    ),
                );

                return $Inline;
            }
        }

        protected function inlineUrlTag($Excerpt)
        {
            if (strpos($Excerpt['text'], '&gt;') !== false and preg_match('/^&lt;(\w++:\/{2}[^ &gt;]++)&gt;/i', $Excerpt['text'], $matches))
            {
                $url = $matches[1];

                return array(
                    'extent' =&gt; strlen($matches[0]),
                    'element' =&gt; array(
                        'name' =&gt; 'a',
                        'text' =&gt; $url,
                        'attributes' =&gt; array(
                            'href' =&gt; $url,
                        ),
                    ),
                );
            }
        }

        # ~

        protected function unmarkedText($text)
        {
            $Inline = $this-&gt;inlineText($text);
            return $this-&gt;element($Inline['element']);
        }

        #
        # Handlers
        #

        protected function handle(array $Element)
        {
            if (isset($Element['handler']))
            {
                if (!isset($Element['nonNestables']))
                {
                    $Element['nonNestables'] = array();
                }

                if (is_string($Element['handler']))
                {
                    $function = $Element['handler'];
                    $argument = $Element['text'];
                    unset($Element['text']);
                    $destination = 'rawHtml';
                }
                else
                {
                    $function = $Element['handler']['function'];
                    $argument = $Element['handler']['argument'];
                    $destination = $Element['handler']['destination'];
                }

                $Element[$destination] = $this-&gt;{$function}($argument, $Element['nonNestables']);

                if ($destination === 'handler')
                {
                    $Element = $this-&gt;handle($Element);
                }

                unset($Element['handler']);
            }

            return $Element;
        }

        protected function handleElementRecursive(array $Element)
        {
            return $this-&gt;elementApplyRecursive(array($this, 'handle'), $Element);
        }

        protected function handleElementsRecursive(array $Elements)
        {
            return $this-&gt;elementsApplyRecursive(array($this, 'handle'), $Elements);
        }

        protected function elementApplyRecursive($closure, array $Element)
        {
            $Element = call_user_func($closure, $Element);

            if (isset($Element['elements']))
            {
                $Element['elements'] = $this-&gt;elementsApplyRecursive($closure, $Element['elements']);
            }
            elseif (isset($Element['element']))
            {
                $Element['element'] = $this-&gt;elementApplyRecursive($closure, $Element['element']);
            }

            return $Element;
        }

        protected function elementApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, array $Element)
        {
            if (isset($Element['elements']))
            {
                $Element['elements'] = $this-&gt;elementsApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, $Element['elements']);
            }
            elseif (isset($Element['element']))
            {
                $Element['element'] = $this-&gt;elementsApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, $Element['element']);
            }

            $Element = call_user_func($closure, $Element);

            return $Element;
        }

        protected function elementsApplyRecursive($closure, array $Elements)
        {
            foreach ($Elements as &amp;$Element)
            {
                $Element = $this-&gt;elementApplyRecursive($closure, $Element);
            }

            return $Elements;
        }

        protected function elementsApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, array $Elements)
        {
            foreach ($Elements as &amp;$Element)
            {
                $Element = $this-&gt;elementApplyRecursiveDepthFirst($closure, $Element);
            }

            return $Elements;
        }

        protected function element(array $Element)
        {
            if ($this-&gt;safeMode)
            {
                $Element = $this-&gt;sanitiseElement($Element);
            }

            # identity map if element has no handler
            $Element = $this-&gt;handle($Element);

            $hasName = isset($Element['name']);

            $markup = '';

            if ($hasName)
            {
                $markup .= '&lt;' . $Element['name'];

                if (isset($Element['attributes']))
                {
                    foreach ($Element['attributes'] as $name =&gt; $value)
                    {
                        if ($value === null)
                        {
                            continue;
                        }

                        $markup .= &quot; $name=\&quot;&quot;.self::escape($value).'&quot;';
                    }
                }
            }

            $permitRawHtml = false;

            if (isset($Element['text']))
            {
                $text = $Element['text'];
            }
            // very strongly consider an alternative if you're writing an
            // extension
            elseif (isset($Element['rawHtml']))
            {
                $text = $Element['rawHtml'];

                $allowRawHtmlInSafeMode = isset($Element['allowRawHtmlInSafeMode']) &amp;&amp; $Element['allowRawHtmlInSafeMode'];
                $permitRawHtml = !$this-&gt;safeMode || $allowRawHtmlInSafeMode;
            }

            $hasContent = isset($text) || isset($Element['element']) || isset($Element['elements']);

            if ($hasContent)
            {
                $markup .= $hasName ? '&gt;' : '';

                if (isset($Element['elements']))
                {
                    $markup .= $this-&gt;elements($Element['elements']);
                }
                elseif (isset($Element['element']))
                {
                    $markup .= $this-&gt;element($Element['element']);
                }
                else
                {
                    if (!$permitRawHtml)
                    {
                        $markup .= self::escape($text, true);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $markup .= $text;
                    }
                }

                $markup .= $hasName ? '&lt;/' . $Element['name'] . '&gt;' : '';
            }
            elseif ($hasName)
            {
                $markup .= ' /&gt;';
            }

            return $markup;
        }

        protected function elements(array $Elements)
        {
            $markup = '';

            $autoBreak = true;

            foreach ($Elements as $Element)
            {
                if (empty($Element))
                {
                    continue;
                }

                $autoBreakNext = (isset($Element['autobreak'])
                    ? $Element['autobreak'] : isset($Element['name'])
                );
                // (autobreak === false) covers both sides of an element
                $autoBreak = !$autoBreak ? $autoBreak : $autoBreakNext;

                $markup .= ($autoBreak ? &quot;\n&quot; : '') . $this-&gt;element($Element);
                $autoBreak = $autoBreakNext;
            }

            $markup .= $autoBreak ? &quot;\n&quot; : '';

            return $markup;
        }

        # ~

        protected function li($lines)
        {
            $Elements = $this-&gt;linesElements($lines);

            if ( ! in_array('', $lines)
                and isset($Elements[0]) and isset($Elements[0]['name'])
                and $Elements[0]['name'] === 'p'
            ) {
                unset($Elements[0]['name']);
            }

            return $Elements;
        }

        #
        # AST Convenience
        #

        /**
         * Replace occurrences $regexp with $Elements in $text. Return an array of
         * elements representing the replacement.
         */
        protected static function pregReplaceElements($regexp, $Elements, $text)
        {
            $newElements = array();

            while (preg_match($regexp, $text, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
            {
                $offset = $matches[0][1];
                $before = substr($text, 0, $offset);
                $after = substr($text, $offset + strlen($matches[0][0]));

                $newElements[] = array('text' =&gt; $before);

                foreach ($Elements as $Element)
                {
                    $newElements[] = $Element;
                }

                $text = $after;
            }

            $newElements[] = array('text' =&gt; $text);

            return $newElements;
        }

        #
        # Deprecated Methods
        #

        function parse($text)
        {
            $markup = $this-&gt;text($text);

            return $markup;
        }

        protected function sanitiseElement(array $Element)
        {
            static $goodAttribute = '/^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9-_]*+$/';
            static $safeUrlNameToAtt  = array(
                'a'   =&gt; 'href',
                'img' =&gt; 'src',
            );

            if ( ! isset($Element['name']))
            {
                unset($Element['attributes']);
                return $Element;
            }

            if (isset($safeUrlNameToAtt[$Element['name']]))
            {
                $Element = $this-&gt;filterUnsafeUrlInAttribute($Element, $safeUrlNameToAtt[$Element['name']]);
            }

            if ( ! empty($Element['attributes']))
            {
                foreach ($Element['attributes'] as $att =&gt; $val)
                {
                    # filter out badly parsed attribute
                    if ( ! preg_match($goodAttribute, $att))
                    {
                        unset($Element['attributes'][$att]);
                    }
                    # dump onevent attribute
                    elseif (self::striAtStart($att, 'on'))
                    {
                        unset($Element['attributes'][$att]);
                    }
                }
            }

            return $Element;
        }

        protected function filterUnsafeUrlInAttribute(array $Element, $attribute)
        {
            foreach ($this-&gt;safeLinksWhitelist as $scheme)
            {
                if (self::striAtStart($Element['attributes'][$attribute], $scheme))
                {
                    return $Element;
                }
            }

            $Element['attributes'][$attribute] = str_replace(':', '%3A', $Element['attributes'][$attribute]);

            return $Element;
        }

        #
        # Static Methods
        #

        protected static function escape($text, $allowQuotes = false)
        {
            return htmlspecialchars($text, $allowQuotes ? ENT_NOQUOTES : ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');
        }

        protected static function striAtStart($string, $needle)
        {
            $len = strlen($needle);

            if ($len &gt; strlen($string))
            {
                return false;
            }
            else
            {
                return strtolower(substr($string, 0, $len)) === strtolower($needle);
            }
        }

        static function instance($name = 'default')
        {
            if (isset(self::$instances[$name]))
            {
                return self::$instances[$name];
            }

            $instance = new static();

            self::$instances[$name] = $instance;

            return $instance;
        }

        private static $instances = array();

        #
        # Fields
        #

        protected $DefinitionData;

        #
        # Read-Only

        protected $specialCharacters = array(
            '\\', '`', '*', '_', '{', '}', '[', ']', '(', ')', '&gt;', '#', '+', '-', '.', '!', '|', '~'
        );

        protected $StrongRegex = array(
            '*' =&gt; '/^[*]{2}((?:\\\\\*|[^*]|[*][^*]*+[*])+?)[*]{2}(?![*])/s',
            '_' =&gt; '/^__((?:\\\\_|[^_]|_[^_]*+_)+?)__(?!_)/us',
        );

        protected $EmRegex = array(
            '*' =&gt; '/^[*]((?:\\\\\*|[^*]|[*][*][^*]+?[*][*])+?)[*](?![*])/s',
            '_' =&gt; '/^_((?:\\\\_|[^_]|__[^_]*__)+?)_(?!_)\b/us',
        );

        protected $regexHtmlAttribute = '[a-zA-Z_:][\w:.-]*+(?:\s*+=\s*+(?:[^&quot;\'=&lt;&gt;`\s]+|&quot;[^&quot;]*+&quot;|\'[^\']*+\'))?+';

        protected $voidElements = array(
            'area', 'base', 'br', 'col', 'command', 'embed', 'hr', 'img', 'input', 'link', 'meta', 'param', 'source',
        );

        protected $textLevelElements = array(
            'a', 'br', 'bdo', 'abbr', 'blink', 'nextid', 'acronym', 'basefont',
            'b', 'em', 'big', 'cite', 'small', 'spacer', 'listing',
            'i', 'rp', 'del', 'code',          'strike', 'marquee',
            'q', 'rt', 'ins', 'font',          'strong',
            's', 'tt', 'kbd', 'mark',
            'u', 'xm', 'sub', 'nobr',
                    'sup', 'ruby',
                    'var', 'span',
                    'wbr', 'time',
        );
    }
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			ثورة تكنولوجيا تغزو المدن&#8230;وتحول نمط الحياة		</h1>

		<div class="single-post-meta post-meta clearfix"><span class="date meta-item tie-icon">مايو 23, 2025</span><div class="tie-alignright"><span class="meta-views meta-item very-hot"><span class="tie-icon-fire" aria-hidden="true"></span> 9٬115 </span><span class="meta-reading-time meta-item"><span class="tie-icon-bookmark" aria-hidden="true"></span> 2 دقائق</span> </div></div><!-- .post-meta -->	</div><!-- .entry-header /-->

	
	
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			<p><strong> </strong><strong>كتبت ميرنا أشرف</strong></p>
<p><strong>في سباق متسارع نحو المستقبل، لم تعد التكنولوجيا الذكية مجرد أدوات نستخدمها، بل أصبحت شريكًا أساسيًا في تفاصيل حياتنا اليومية. ومع هذا التطور، اقتحمت التكنولوجيا قلب المدن، لتقود تحولًا كبيراً من المدن التقليدية إلى مدن ذكية تُدار بأنظمة رقمية متقدمة. وكان من أبرز ملامح هذا التحول: أتمتة الشبكات الكهربائية، لتتحول بدورها إلى شبكات ذكية قادرة على إدارة وتوزيع الطاقة بكفاءة داخل المدن الذكية، بما يواكب تسارع متطلبات العصر ويعزز الاستدامة.</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>أكد المهندس أشرف جمعة، صاحب شركات ألفا مصر للطاقة الشمسية، أن المدن الذكية تعد مجتمعات حضارية تتميز بتكامل الخدمات وإدارتها وتقديمها عن طريق التكامل واستخدامات تطبيقات التكنولوجيا الحديثة</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong>وتابع، يتم تحويل المدن الحضارية إلى مدن ذكية منذ البدء عن طريق تقديم حلول تكنولوجية عالية الدقة وفائقة السرعة، ويتم إدارتها أوتوماتيكياً عن طريق غرف تحكم مركزية، لسرعة تنفيذ المهام واكتشاف الأعطال والمشاكل، وتقديم حلول مستدامة، وقابلة للتطبيق، وموافقة مع البيئة الخضراء</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong>أضاف جمعة، أنه يتم إدارة الشبكات الكهربائية في المدن الذكية عن طريق شبكة اتصالات عالية الدقة، لربط أنظمة المستشعرات بمكونات باقي الأنظمة، لاستقبال وإرسال الأوامر أوتوماتيكياً، لتنفيذ وتحديد الاعطال والمهام</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><span style="color: #3366ff;"><strong>كيف تعمل أنظمة الإضاءة الذكية على تقليل استهلاك الطاقة؟</strong></span></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>بين جمعة، أنه عندما يتم تحديد المشكلة بشكل صحيح، يتم وضع عدة حلول تعتمد على الكفاءة لاقتصادية، ولذلك يتم دائما تقديم حلول جذرية ومستدامة وتعمل على تقليل تكاليف الاستهلاك، وبالتالي تعظيم الاستفادة بأقل تكاليف ممكنة، </strong><strong>مثل: استخدام كشافات الإضاءة بمستشعرات التحرك للعنصر البشري لتحديد أوقات الذروة وأوقات تقليل الأحمال الكهربائية، وهذا ما تم فعله في طريق شرم الشيخ ومدخل مدينة شرم الشيخ، وبعض الكمبوندات في العاصمة الإدارية الجديدة، عن طريق تكنولوجيا الطاقة الشمسية التي تم العمل عليها وإنتاجها خلال </strong><strong>الفترات الأخيرة.</strong></p>
<p><strong>مضيفا، إلى أن شبكات الكهرباء من الأنظمة التي تمتد لآلاف الكيلومترات داخل المدن الذكية، وهي التي تربط المدن داخل بعضها البعض، وهي الأعين التي يرى بها الناس الطرق، وما داخل المدن والمنازل</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong>ولذلك فإن إدارة شبكات الكهرباء شيء بالغ التعقيد، ويحتاج إلى تكنولوجيا عالية لمراقبة وتحديد أماكن الأحمال العالية، وتحديد أوقات الذروة، وكذلك تحقيق وفر من الاستخدام الجيد لشبكة الكهرباء</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><span style="color: #3366ff;"><strong>متطلبات تشغيل الشبكات</strong></span></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>ومن جانبها قالت المهندسة رحمة الديب، تابعة لشركة الفا للطاقة الشمسية، إن المكونات اللازمة لإدارة تلك الشبكات بأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي تعتمد على التكنولوجيا المتقدمة من كمبيوترات فائقة السرعة، </strong><strong>وشبكة اتصالات عالية، وكذلك عنصراً بشريا ذو تدريب عال لاستخدام هذه الوسائل لتحقيق التكامل بين لعناصر</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>أوضحت الديب، أن من أبرز التحديات التي قد تواجه تنفيذ تلك الشبكات الذكية في المدن، هي التكاليف العالية لهذه الشبكات، بالإضافة إلى عائق البنية التحتية القديمة، التي تحتاج إلى استبدال مكونات الشبكة القديمة بالشبكة الحديثة</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>اتفق الطرفان علي أن مصر لا زالت قائمة لإدخال نظام تكنولوجيا الشبكات الذكية، والقضاء على فكرة عوائق البنية التحتية القديمة، مشيرة إلى أن مصر تبني حاليا خمس مدن ذكية، منها: المنصورة الجديدة، العاصمة الإدارية، العلمين، وغيرها</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>ونلاحظ أن مصر دخلت بقوة في مجال تحسين الشبكات القديمة وإدخال تعديلات عليها لتحسين كفاءة استخدام الطاقة</strong><strong>.</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>وأشارت الديب، إلى أن العائد الاقتصادي الأعلى يتحقق من الوفر الناتج عن تغيير نمط الاستهلاك، ولعل من أبرز الأمثلة، أن هناك مدينة كانت تستهلك أكثر من 5 جيجا وات في الإضاءة فقط، وتم تقليل هذا الاستهلاك إلى 1 جيجا فقط بعد استخدام تلك الأنظمة، مما وفر على الدولة 75% من كافة عناصر التكاليف (استيراد بترول أو غاز، كابلات نقل الطاقة، لوحات كهربائية، محولات&#8230; إلخ</strong><strong>)</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>في ظل هذا التوجه المتسارع نحو تطوير البنية التحتية الذكية، تبدو المدن الذكية ليست مجرد خيار مستقبلي، بل ضرورة أصبحت اجبارية لمواكبة التحديات البيئية والاقتصادية. ومع الجهود المستمرة التي تبذلها الدول والقطاع الخاص في مصر، تتعزز فرص التحول إلى نموذج حضاري متكامل، يعتمد على التكنولوجيا المتقدمة .</strong></p>

			
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